IB ESS

Question 1

Strategies for managing energy consumption

Answer 1

Renewables, use less-more efficient equipment, optimize energy use

Question 2

Process of an EIA

Answer 2

Baseline studies, assess environmental, social, & economic impacts, used in decision making process of any new development

• identifying impacts
• predicting the scale of potential impacts
• limiting the effect of impacts to acceptable limits (mitigation)

Question 3

Factors leading to loss of biodiversity

Answer 3

Pollution, over exploitation, habitat fragmentation, loss of habitat

Question 4

Dynamic resources

Answer 4

Resources used to satisfy human demand, dynamic when the functionability of the resource changes with time and place bc of change in demand and technology

Question 5

NPP

Answer 5

GPP-R

Question 6

GSP

Answer 6

food eaten-fecal loss

Question 7

NSP

Answer 7

GSP-R

Question 8

Lincoln index

Answer 8

N(n1 • n2)/ m2

N1- # of animals first marked and released
N2- # of animals captured in second sample
M2- # of animals marked in 2nd sample
N-total population

Question 9

Simpson’s diversity index

Answer 9

D= N(N-1) / En(n-1)

D= diversity index
N= total # of organisms in all species
n= # of individuals in each species
E= sum

Question 10

Total fertility rate

Answer 10

How many births per 1000 women

Births in year/ # of women 15-44 in year • 1000

Question 11

CBR

Answer 11

B/population•1000

Question 12

CD-R

Answer 12

D/population•1000

Question 13

NIR

Answer 13

(CBR-CDR)/10

Question 14

DT

Answer 14

70/NIR

Question 15

Food chain w named examples

Answer 15

Sycamore tree, caterpillar of sycamore moth, parasitic wasps, chaffinch

Question 16

Reasons for high species diversity

Answer 16

Complexity of ecosystem/food webs, stage of succession (later stages are more stable), abundance of limiting factors (raw materials needed to survive), inertia (ability of an ecosystem to resist change)

Question 17

Effects of deforestation

Answer 17

Loss of habitat, loss of species, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity

Question 18

Tundra

Answer 18

Low temps, dark, not much rainfall, carbon dioxide sink

Question 19

Tropical rainforest

Answer 19

Rainfall year round, heat

Question 20

Freshwater

Answer 20

Plenty of nutrients and minerals, free of saltwater

Question 21

Desert

Answer 21

Very little rain, extremely hot, not too far from mountains

Question 22

Factors leading to speciation

Answer 22

Physical barriers (pop is split and cannot interact), land bridges (allow pops to migrate), continental drift

Question 23

Natural capital

Answer 23

Resources used to produce natural income

Question 24

Productivity

Answer 24

The conversion of energy into biomass over a given period of time. Rate of biomass increase in plants and animals

Question 25

GP (gross productivity)

Answer 25

The total gain in energy

Question 26

NP (net productivity)

Answer 26

The gain in energy or biomass after deductions from respiration

Question 27

GPP

Answer 27

The total gain in energy or biomass by plants

Question 28

NOP

Answer 28

The total gain in energy or moods by green plants after losses to respiration

Question 29

GSP

Answer 29

the total energy/biomass assimilated by consumers

Question 30

Nitrogen cycle

Answer 30

Feeding, excretion/death, decay, absorption, fixation. Conversion of nitrates to nitrogen by denitrifying bacteria, nitrogen gas in air

Question 31

What NGOs can do

Answer 31

Footage of activities to gain attention, public protests

Question 32

Greenhouse effects

Answer 32

Earth insulation

Question 33

Ozone layer

Answer 33

Due to UV radiation and CFCs

Question 34

Montreal protocol

Answer 34

International agreement to ban CFCs