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history: conflict & tension > part 2 > Flashcards

part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

VILNA 1920

A

FAILURE-Poland invaded Vilna as the population was largely Polish. Lithuania appealed to league but it did nothing, so Poland took Vilna.
failed to prevent military aggression

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2
Q

ALAND ISLANDS 1921

A

SUCCESS-Sweden and Finland both wanted control of the Aland Islands. They appealed to the League. The League gave the land to Finland and had successfully avoided war.

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3
Q

UPPER SILESIA 1921-25

A

SUCCESS AND FAILURE-Industrial region on the border of Poland and Germany. Both wanted control of it. Vote in 1921 to decide who would take control. Split votes and land-accepted by both countries. BUT Poles now lived in Germany, and Germany lost out on coal and income. Agreement ended in 1925, with relations between Germany and Poland worse than ever.

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4
Q

CORFU-1923

A

FAILURE-League gave decision of making Greece and Albanian borders to and Italian general. He got murdered. Mussolini demanded Greece pay compensation but Greece didn’t know the murderers. A powerful country threatened a smaller one, proving the league could be ignored.

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5
Q

GENEVA PROTOCOL-1924

A

FAILURE-Britain and France drew up the Geneva Protocol in 1924. Means they would ask council to resolve problems, they hoped it would strengthen league. Change in British government before protocol came into effect, so refused to sign it. Weakened league as Britain appeared to be disinterested and not committed.

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6
Q

BULGARIA-1925

A

FAILURE-Greece invaded Bulgaria as their troops were killed on the border. Bulgaria appealed to the league. League ordered Greece to pull out of Bulgaria. Greece thought League was hypocritical and inconsistent.

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7
Q

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION

A

SUCCESS AND FAILURE-

AIM-to bring workers, employers and governments together to improve working conditions

1928-77 countries agreed to set a minimum wage
1930-helped Greece set up social insurance
Tanganyika-new railway being built used slave labour and 50% of workers died, league reduced it to 4%

1919-tried to stop children under 14 from working, but members thought it would cost too much
1935-suggested the working day should be limited to 8 hours, but only 4 members were in favour

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8
Q

COMMISION FOR REFUGEES

A

MAINLY SUCCESS-

AIM-to return prisoners of war home and support refugees by improving camp conditions and returning them home once the conflict had passed

1917-civil war in Russia left 1.5 million refugees, the league helped them find new homes
1921-league helped free 427,000 out of 500,000 prisoners of war still imprisoned from ww1
1922-Turkey vs Greece left many refugees, league set up refugee camps and sent doctors to treat diseases like cholera
Nansen Passport-identification for refugees

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9
Q

THE SLAVERY COMMISSION

A

SUCCESS-organised raids on the camps of slave traders on Sierra Leone, setting 200,000 people free. In 1927 Sierra Leone announced slavery was to be abolished.

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10
Q

THE HEALTH COMMITTEE

A

SUCCESS-started an international campaign to kill mosquitoes which spread diseases such as malaria.
Sent doctors to look after refugees in Turkey and improve living conditions in refugee camps.
Later renamed WHO, still exists today.

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11
Q

THE ABYSINNIAN CRISIS

A

FAILURE-failure of Manchuria led to this due to Mussolini seeing that the league did nothing to stop Japan. Failed due to failure to close the Suez canal, meaning Mussolini could move troops and supplies through it. CONSQUENCES-league had lost everything, Europe headed to war, members turning against them, moral condemnation didn’t work.
HOARE-LAVAL-Proof Britain and France would undermine the league for self interest

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12
Q

THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS (WHY IT WAS A FAILURE)

A

FAILURE-league proved to be powerless since strong nations were able to pursue aggressive acts against other countries without serious punishments. Lytton report took so long to publish so it showed the league to be slow, and appeared unbothered. Other dictators started to look for ways round the league.

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13
Q

THE PERMANENT CENTRAL OPIUM BOARD

A

SUCCESS AND FAILURE

AIM-to stop the creation and distribution of opium being sold illegally

Introduced a system where companies had to have a certificate to say they could import it for medical purposes.
Blacklisted four large companies involved in trading illegal drugs.

Some historians claim that key members of the league weren’t really dedicated to stopping the sale of opium as they made lots of money from it.

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14
Q

list 3 failures

A

vilna, corfu, geneva protocol, bulgaria, manchuria, abysinnia

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15
Q

list 3 successes

A

aland islands, international labour organisation, health committee, opium board, slavery commission, refugee commission

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16
Q

how did germany leave the league?

A

League had conference about arms. Hitler would disarm if all other countries also did. France refused so Hitler stormed out. He used this as an excuse to leave the league.

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17
Q

when did germany leave the league?

A

october 1933

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18
Q

what was the washington naval conference and when was it held?

A

1921-USA, Britain, France and Japan to reduce the size of the navies. Showed countries were keen on disarmament but no one wanted to reduce further. Countries attending individually showed priorities over league

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19
Q

when was abysinnia

A

1935-1936

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20
Q

what was the assembly?

A

every citizen was a member of the city’s assembly, decision had to be unanimous which was difficult

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21
Q

mains aims of the league

A

maintain peace using disarmament, arbitration and collective security
encourage co-operation
encourage disarming

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22
Q

failures in social issues

A

couldn’t ban slavery or child labour altogether as decisions in the assembly had to be unanimous-too many countries benefited so didn’t want the ban

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23
Q

which countries signed locarno treaties?

A

britain, italy czechoslovakia, france, germany, belgium

24
Q

weaknesses of locarno treaties

A

-people suspicious as it didn’t cover germany’s eastern borders
-failure of league-had nothing to do with major international agreement

25
Q

when was kellogg-briand pact signed?

A

1928

26
Q

pact made by britain, france, italy

A

hoare-laval, signed 1935
-italy could invade abyssinia secretly
-caused outrage when discovered
-foreign ministers forced to resign
-proof britain and france would undermine league for self interest

27
Q

impact of great depression on league

A

-people turned to extremist parties who promised security
-countries less willing to help, focused on own problems
-only real weapon of league was economic sanctions, but countries would be more reluctant to stop trade during economic depression

28
Q

what happened to league after abyssinia?

A

-reputation ruined
-turning point, whole world saw the league’s failure because countries acted in their own interests

28
Q

when was the great depression?

A

1929

28
Q

when were locarno treaties signed?

A

1925

28
Q

what was the abyssinian crisis?

A

-mussolini invaded abyssinia
-abyssinian emperor appealed to LoNs for help but not much happened
-italy overpowered with chemical weapons

29
Q

why did mussolini invade abyssinia?

A

-revenge for a failed attempt in 1896
-italy had neighbouring african colonies
-knew league wouldn’t do anything (manchuria)
-rich in natural resources and grazing land
-distract italians from great depression
-rebuild roman empire

29
Q

wal-wal incident

A

-1930-mussolini ordered italian fort to be built at wal-wal
-wal-wal was 80km inside abyssinian territory
-haile selassie wanted them removed, mussolini refused
-december 1934-confrontation at wal-wal oasis
-150 abyssinians and 50 italians died
-mussolini demanded an apology and prepared to invade

29
Q

why did the league fail to help abyssinia?

A

-failure to close suez canal, owned by britain and france to travel to east africa or asia without travelling round cape of africa, mussolini used canal to move troops and supplies, britain and france didn’t close it as they wanted his support against hitler
-trade sanctions against abyssinia, league banned members from selling weapons to abyssinia and italy, meant abyssinia left with nothing to defend themselves
-trade sanctions against italy, league members forbidden from importing italian goods (excluding oil, steel, iron, coal) as britain worried banning coal would result in unemployment, and america would trade oil anyway
-hoare-laval pact, Hoare and Laval met Mussolini and secretly agreed to give him fertile parts of abyssinia, details of pact leaked to newspapers so ministers forced to resign, proof britain and france would undermine league for self interest

30
Q

consequences of abyssinia

A

-proved moral condemnation and economic sanctions didn’t work
-europe heading to war
-league lost authority
-hitler grew in confidence

31
Q

what was the council?

A

-met 4 times a year
-permanent members were japan, britain, france, italy
-some temporary members
-everyone had a vote, permanent members could veto decisions

32
Q

what was the secretariat?

A

civil service of the league
in charge of administration and organising action

33
Q

what was the PCIJ

A

permanent court of international justice
settled international disputes
could give economic sanctions
15 judges from different countries

34
Q

what was the covenant?

A

a set of guidelines that all countries in the league had to follow

35
Q

successes in social issues

A

-refugee commission
-health committee
-ILO
-slavery commission

36
Q

why were the USSR not allowed to join the league?

A

they were a communist state?

37
Q

what was the dawes plan and when was it decided?

A

1922
usa plan to give germany a loan to help spread out reparations
help germany recover trade

38
Q

what was the young plan and when was it decided?

A

-reduced german reparation by 75% and given 59 years to pay
-helped germany recover trade
-effects prevented by depression
1929

39
Q

what was the kellogg-briand pact?

A

65 countries met and said they wouldn’t use aggression to settle disputes

40
Q

strengths and weaknesses of kellogg-briand

A

-individual countries acted independently of the league
-didn’t state and actual definition of aggression
-no knowledge of what would happen if pact broken
-significant step in 1920s towards peace

41
Q

what were locarno treaties?

A

-symbolic treaties that outlawed war and promoted peace in 1920s
-germany agreed to accept borders lined out by T of V
-signed by Stresseman
-showed germany wanted lasting peace

42
Q

why did the great depression spread worldwide?

A

-us richest country after ww1, lent out lots of money to recovering countries
-asked for loans back
-countries that borrowed money affected

43
Q

problem with league having no army

A

-had to borrow from members
-could be biased
-unable to support weaker countries

44
Q

when was manchuria

A

1931-33

45
Q

why did japan want to invade manchuria?

A

-rich in fertile farming land
-already had a business in the form of a railway
-would divert public’s attention from problems at home
-opportunity to settle old scores with russia and china
-china weak and divided
-silk trade suffering from great depression

46
Q

mukden incident

A

-18th september 1931, explosion on south manchurian railway
-japanese army claimed train attacked by chinese soldiers
-chinese denied and said soldiers had been asleep
-kwantung army used this as an excuse to take over manchuria
-people of japan openly celebrated but government wasn’t happy
-no choice but to go along with it
-1932 japan renamed manchuria to manchuko

47
Q

consequences of the manchurian crisis for the league

A

-showed it was failing as one of the league’s permanent members, ignored covenant and acted with aggression
-hitler and mussolini gained confidence that the league wouldn’t intervene if they invaded somewhere
-reluctantcy to impose sanctions showed league wouldn’t take action

48
Q

who did the league send to investigate manchuria?

A

lord lytton who took a year to write his report, by which time japan had already invaded manchuria

49
Q

why was the league reluctant to act?

A

-league did not want a fight
-japan was a powerful member of the league
-china and japan were far away
-many people felt japan were entitled to take control
-members of league couldn’t afford to send troops so far away
-many thought it was a good thing that japan was trying to introduce order

50
Q

how did japan leave the league?

A

a special assembly voted on the report in february 1933 where they voted for the withdrawal of japanese troops, japanese representatives walked out

51
Q

why did the great depression occur?

A

-businesses over produced, too much supply and not enough demand so the stock market collapsed
-people began to sell shares and prices dropped, businesses collapsed leading to mass unemployment

history: conflict & tension (4 decks)

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