Topic 14: Redox II Flashcards
Describe what happens in electrochemical cells
- made from two different metals dipped in salt solutions of their own ions and connected by a wire (the external circuit)
- it is a redox process because two reactions are occurring
- oxidation always happens at the anode (positive electrode) and reduction always happens at the cathode
- electrons flow from the anode to the cathode
- more reactive metal is oxidised, so it is the anode. Less reactive metal is reduced so becomes the cathode
What happens in a zinc/copper electrochemical cell?
- zinc loses electrons more easily than copper, so it is oxidised to form Zn2+ ions
- Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
- in the other half-cell, the same number of electrons are taken frm the external circuit, reducing the Cu2+ ions to copper atoms
- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
What is cell potential or EMF, Ecell ?
- the maximum voltage produced by an electrochemical cell
Why do we need a salt bridge?
- to complete the electrical circuit to ensure there is not a build up of charge at each electrode
What can be used as a salt bridge?
- unreactive ions that do not form precipitates
- highly soluble
- potassium nitrate is used
What is the electrode potential of a half cell?
- a measure of how easily the substance in the half-cell is oxidised
What is the standard electrode potential, Eø?
- the standard electrode potential, EØ , of a half-cell is the voltage measured under standard conditions when the half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen electrode
What are the standard conditions?
- solutions of the ions must have a concentration of 1.00 mol dm-3
- temperature must be 298K (25°C)
- pressure must be 100kPa
What is the standard hydrogen electrode and why is it used?
- it is a reference electrode
- compare electrode potential of the half cell it is connected to as hydrogen half-cell has a value of 0.00V
How do you work out the cell potential EØ ?
- Eøcell = (Eøreduction - Eøoxidation)
- cell potential will always be postive
How do you draw the shorthand way of drawing electrochemical cells?
- half-cell with more negative potential goes on left
- oxidised forms go in the centre and reduced forms go on the outside
- double verticle lines show the salt bridge and single vertical lines separate species into different physical states
- comma separate species that are in the same half-cell and same physical state
- if platinum, lead or other inert electrodes are used, show these on the outside
What chemicals have a more negative standard electrode potential and why?
- more reactive metals
- it lose electrons more easily to form a positive ion
What chemicals have a more positive standard electrode potential?
- more reactive non-metals
- it gains electrons more easily to form a negative ion
How do you know if a reaction is thermodynamically feasible?
- if the overall potential is positive
Why are predictions about thermodynamic feasibility sometimes wrong?
- the conditions are not standard
- reaction kinetics are not favourable:
- the rate of reaction may be slow so that reaction may not appear to happen
- if a reaction has high activation energy, it may stop reaction from happening