Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSG 300 > Topic 13 > Flashcards

Topic 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Pure Food and Drug Act

A

This law simply requires all medications to be free of impure products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A

a federal agency that enforces medication laws to ensure that all medications on the market undergo vigorous testing before they are sold to the public.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MedWatch Program

A

This voluntary program encourages nurses and other health care professionals to use the MedWatch form to report when a medication, product, or medical event causes serious harm to a patient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chemical medication name

A

provides the exact description of medication’s composition
ex: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

generic medication name

A

the manufacturer who first develops the drug assigns the name, and it is then listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia
ex: acetaminophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

trade medication name

A

also known as brand or proprietary name. This is the name under which a manufacturer markets the medication.
ex: tylenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the study of drug movement throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Four processes of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

For medications to be therapeutic, they must be…

A

taken into a patient’s body; be absorbed and distributed to cells, tissues, or a specific organ; and alter physiological functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

absorption

A

Passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Factors that influence absorption

A
  • Route of administration
  • Ability of the medication to dissolve
  • Blood flow to the site of administration
  • Body surface area
  • Lipid solubility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

absorption of applying medication to the skin and through the GI is usually..

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what medication administration has the fastest absorption rate

A

IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The richer the blood supply to the site of administration, the…

A

faster a medication is absorbed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

distrubution

A

occurs within the body to carry medication to tissues, organs, and specific sites of action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

distribution depends on

A

Physical and chemical properties of the medication
Physiology of the person taking it
-Circulation
-Membrane permeability
-Protein binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Metabolism (biotransformation)

A

The biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

excretion

A

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

medications exit the body through…

A

kidney, liver, bowel, lungs, exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the main organ for excretion

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which type of medications are excreted through the lungs?

A

Anesthetic gases, alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why should certain medications not be taken during pregnancy?

A

Some may pass through the placental barrier or mammary glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Biotransformation happens where?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The exocrine glands excrete

A

lipid soluble medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

therapeutic effect

A

Expected or predicted physiological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

adverse effect

A

Unintended, undesirable, often unpredictable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

side effect

A

Predictable, unavoidable secondary effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

toxic effect

A

Accumulation of medication in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

Over-reaction or under-reaction or different reaction from normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

allergic reaction

A

unpredictable response to a medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

medication interaction

A

When a medication may modify or diminish the actions of another medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

synergistic effect

A

interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

A

The smallest amount of drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

toxic concentration

A

the plasma level at which toxic effects begin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

therapeutic range

A

that concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity
-falls between the MEC and the toxic concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Peak

A

highest effective concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Trough

A

minimum blood serum concentration of medication reached just before the next scheduled dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

biological half-life

A

which is the time it takes for excretion processes to lower the amount of unchanged medication by half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

To maintain a therapeutic plateau the patient must…

A

receive regular fixed doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Time-critical medications

A

medications in which early or delayed administration of maintenance doses (more than 30 minutes before or after the scheduled dose) will most likely result in harm or subtherapeutic responses in a patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

when do you administer time critical medications

A

at a precise time or within 30 minutes before or after the scheduled time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

when do you administer non- time critical medications

A

within 1 to 2 hours of their scheduled time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sublingual administration

A

drugs are given by placement under the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

sublingual instructions

A

Instruct patients not to swallow a medication given by the sublingual route or drink anything until the medication is completely dissolved to ensure that the medication will have the desired effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Buccal administration

A

placing the solid medication in the mouth against the mucous membranes of the cheek until it dissolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

buccal instructions

A

Teach patients to alternate cheeks with each subsequent dose to avoid mucosal irritation. Warn patients not to chew or swallow the medication or to take any liquids with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what route is the easiest and the most commonly used route of medication administration

A

oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

4 major parenteral routes of administration

A

intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Intradermal (ID)

A

Injection into the dermis just under the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

Injection into a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

IV

A

Injection into a vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Nurses administer inhaled medications through

A

asal passages, oral passages, an endotracheal tube, or a tracheostomy tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

topical administration

A

administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane (generally have local effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Intraocular medication

A

delivery involves inserting a medication similar to a contact lens into a patient’s eye. The eye medication disk has two soft outer layers that have medication enclosed in them. The nurse inserts the disk into the patient’s eye, much like a contact lens. The medication remains in the eye for up to 1 week.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

solution

A

a given mass of solid substance dissolved in a known volume of fluid, or as a given volume of liquid dissolved in a known volume of another fluid.
-When a solid is dissolved in a fluid, the concentration is in units of mass per units of volume (e.g., g/L, mg/mL).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

health care providers role in medicaton administration

A

*Prescriber can be physician, nurse practitioner, or physician’s assistant.
*Orders can be written (hand or electronic), verbal, or given by telephone.
*The use of abbreviations can cause errors; use caution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

computerized physician order entry (CPOE)

A

In using this system, the prescriber completes all computerized fields before the order for the medication is filled, thus avoiding incomplete or illegible orders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Standing or routine order

A

Administered until the dosage is changed or another medication is prescribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

PRN, prn

A

as needed; given when the patient requires it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

single (one-time)

A

given one time only for a specific reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

STAT

A

given immediately in an emergency

63
Q

Now order

A

When a medication is needed right away, but not STAT

64
Q

prescriptions

A

Medication to be taken outside of the hospital

65
Q

When receiving a now order, the nurse has up to ______ to administer the medication

A

90 mins

66
Q

how many times are Now orders given

A

one time

67
Q

Pharmacist’s Role

A

Prepares and distributes medication

68
Q

Nurse’s role in medication administration

A

*Determining medications ordered are correct, assessing patient’s ability to self-administer, determining whether patient should receive medications at a given time, administering medications correctly, and closely monitoring effects.
*Cannot be delegated
Includes patient teaching

69
Q

unit dose system

A

-Pharmacists provide the medications in single-unit packages that contain the ordered dose of medication that a patient receives at one time.
-Nurses distribute the medications to patients.
-Each tablet or capsule is wrapped separately.
-Usually no more than a 24-hour supply of medication is available at any given time.

70
Q

automatic medication dispensing system (AMDS)

A

AMDSs control the dispensing of all medications, including narcotics.
-Each nurse accesses the system by entering a security code.
-You select the patient’s name and his or her drug profile before the AMDS dispenses a medication. -In these systems, you are allowed to select the desired medication, dosage, and route from a list displayed on the computer screen.

71
Q

barcode medication administration (BCMA)

A

BCMA requires nurses to scan bar codes to identify the patient, the medication, and an identification tag of the nurse administering the medication before recording this information in the patient’s computerized medical record

72
Q

medication errors

A

*Report all medication errors.
*Patient safety is top priority when an error occurs.
*Documentation is required.
*The nurse is responsible for preparing a written occurrence or incident report: an accurate, factual description of what occurred and what was done.
*Nurses play an essential role in medication reconciliation.

73
Q

when a medication error occurs, what do you do first

A

You first assess and examine the patient’s condition and notify the health care provider of the incident as soon as possible

74
Q

Six Rights of Medication Administration

A
  1. Right medication
  2. Right dose
  3. Right patient
  4. Right route
  5. Right time
  6. Right documentation
75
Q

No-interruption zones (NIZs)

A

recommended to reduce distractions and interruptions during medication administration

76
Q

Medication orders need to contain

A

-patient’s fill name
-the date and time that the order is written
-the medication name, the dosage
-the route of administration
-the time and frequency of administration
-the signature of the health care provider

77
Q

Polypharmacy

A

happens when a patient takes multiple medications or potentially inappropriate or unnecessary medications or when a medication does not match a diagnosis

78
Q

what sometimes affects absorption if oral medication administration

A

food

79
Q

Most tablets and capsules need to be swallowed and administered with approximately how much fluid?

A

60 to 240 mL of fluid (as allowed).

80
Q

Protect a patient from aspiration by

A

*assessing his or her ability to swallow

81
Q

Enteral or small-bore feedings

A

*Verify that the tube location is compatible with medication absorption.
*Use liquids when possible.
*If medication is to be given on an empty stomach, allow at least 30 minutes before or after feeding.
*Risk of drug-drug interactions is higher.

82
Q

Nasal Instillation

A

spray, drops, tampons

83
Q

Severe nosebleeds are usually treated

A

with packing or nasal tampons, which are treated with epinephrine, to reduce blood flow

84
Q

eye instillation administration

A

*Avoid the cornea.
*Avoid the eyelids with droppers or tubes to decrease the risk of infection.
*Use only on the affected eye.
*Never share medications.

85
Q

Intraocular instillation

A

Disk resembles a contact lens.
Teach patients how to insert and remove the disk.
Teach about adverse effects.

86
Q

ear instillation administration

A

*Instill eardrops at room temperature.
*Use sterile solutions.
*Check for eardrum rupture if patient has ear drainage.
Never occlude the ear canal

87
Q

why do you instill ear drops at room temperature

A

to prevent vertigo, dizziness, or nausea.

88
Q

follow ___ technique when administering vaginal medications

A

aseptic

89
Q

Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs)

A

use a chemical propellant to push the medication out of the inhaler and require the patient to apply
*Need sufficient hand strength for use
*May be used with a spacer

90
Q

Breath-actuated metered-dose inhalers (BAIs)

A

release medication when a patient raises a lever and inhales. Release of the medication depends on the strength of the patient’s breath on inspiration

91
Q

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)

A

hold dry powder medication and create an aerosol when the patient inhales through a reservoir that contains a dose of the medication. Some DPIs are unit dosed. These inhalers require patients to load a single dose of medication into the inhaler with each use

92
Q

To ensure that the patient does not run out of medication, teach him or her to…

A

refill it at least 7 to 10 days before it runs out.

93
Q

Administering Medications by Irrigation

A

-Irrigations cleanse an area, instill a medication, or apply hot or cold to injured tissue.
-Irrigations most commonly use sterile water, saline, or antiseptic solutions on the eye, ear, throat, vagina, and urinary tract.
-Use aseptic technique if there is a break in the skin or mucosa.
-Use clean technique when the cavity to be irrigated is not sterile, as in the case of the ear canal or vagina.

94
Q

Luer-Lok syringes

A

have needles that are twisted onto the tip and lock themselves in place

95
Q

Non-Luer-Lok syringe

A

*have needles that slip onto the tip. Syringes have safety devices to prevent needlestick injury.

96
Q

a tuberculin syringe has a capacity of…

A

1 mL

97
Q

Insulin syringes are available in sizes that hold…

A

0.3 to 1 mL and are calibrated in units.

98
Q

Choose the needle length according to

A

*a patient’s size and weight and the type of tissue into which the medication is to be injected.

99
Q

Preparing an injection from an ampule

A

*Snap off ampule neck
*Aspirate medication into syringe using filter needle
*Replace filter needle with an appropriate size needle or needless device
Administer injection

100
Q

Ampules

A

small, sealed glass bottles containing a single dose of medication

101
Q

Preparing an injection from a vial

A

-If dry, use solvent or diluent as needed
-Inject air into vial
-Label multidose vials after mixing
-Refrigerate remaining doses if needed

102
Q

what is commonly used to dissolve medications

A

Normal saline and sterile distilled water

103
Q

Mixing medications from a vial and an ampule

A

Prepare medication from the vial first.
Use the same syringe and filter needle to withdraw medication from the ampule.

104
Q

Mixing medications from two vials

A

-Do not contaminate medications
-ensure final dose is accurate
-maintain aseptic technique

105
Q

insulin is

A

the hormone used to treat diabetes.

106
Q

why is insulin administered by injection

A

because the GI tract breaks down and destroys an oral form of insulin.

107
Q

what do you use to prepare u-100 of insulin

A

100-Unit insulin syringe or an insulin pen

108
Q

What insulin can be given IV?

A

regular insulin

109
Q

Rapid acting insulin

A

Onset - 10-30 minutes
Peak - 30 to 90 minutes
Duration - 1 to 5 hours

110
Q

Short acting insulin (regular)

A

Onset 30 minutes
Peak 2.5-5 hours
Duration 4-12 hours

111
Q

Intermediate acting insulin

A

Onset 1-2 hours
Peak 4-12 hours
Duration 14-24 hours

112
Q

Long acting insulin

A

Onset 1-1.5 hour
Peak none
Duration 24 hours

113
Q

correction insulin

A

indicates that small doses of rapid- or short-acting insulins are needed to correct a patient’s elevated blood sugar
-given to reduce an elevated blood sugar level that is not controlled by mealtime insulin

114
Q

before drawing up cloudy insulin

A

gently roll between the palms of the hands

115
Q

If regular and intermediate-acting insulin is ordered…

A

prepare the regular insulin first to prevent the regular insulin from becoming contaminated with the intermediate-acting insulin

116
Q

Inject rapid-acting insulins mixed with NPH (neutral protamine Hagedorn) insulin within…

A

15 minutes before a meal.

117
Q

Before injecting, know:

A
  1. The volume of medication to administer
  2. The characteristics and viscosity of medication
  3. The location/anatomical structures underlying injection site
118
Q

Minimizing Patient Discomfort

A

-Use a sharp-beveled needle in the smallest suitable length and gauge; position patient comfortably.
-Select the proper injection site.
-Apply a vapocoolant spray or topical anesthetic.
-Divert the patient’s attention from the injection.
-Insert the needle quickly and smoothly.
-Hold the syringe steady while the needle remains in tissues.
-Inject the medication slowly and steadily.

119
Q

The best subcutaneous injection sites include…

A

The outer posterior aspect of the upper arms, the abdomen from below the costal margins to the illiac crests, and the anterior aspects of the thighs.

120
Q

The site most frequently recommended for heparin injections is

A

the abdomen

121
Q

The administration of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (e.g., enoxaparin) requires special considerations:

A

When injecting the medication, use the right or left side of the abdomen at least 2 inches from the umbilicus (the patient’s “love handles”) and pinch the injection site as you insert the needle

122
Q

Recommended sites for insulin injections include

A

he upper arm and the anterior and lateral parts of the thigh, buttocks, and abdomen

123
Q

IM injections have _____ absorption than subcutaneous route

A

faster

124
Q

IM angle of insertion

A

90 degrees

125
Q

IM injections amount: adult

A

2 to 5 mL (4 to 5 mL unlikely to be absorbed properly)

126
Q

IM injections amount: Children, older adults, thin patients

A

up to 2 mL

127
Q

IM injections amount: Small children and older infants

A

up to 1 mL

128
Q

IM injections amount: Smaller infants

A

up to 0.5 mL

129
Q

ventrogluteal site

A

involves the gluteus medius; it is situated deep and away from major nerves and blood vessels.

130
Q

what site is preferred and safest site for all adults, children, and infants

A

ventrogluteal

131
Q

The ventrogluteal site is recommended for volume

A

greater than 2 mL

132
Q

Locate the ventrogluteal muscle by

A

*Index finger, the middle finger, and the iliac crest form a V-shaped triangle
*Injection site is the center of the triangle

133
Q

The vastus lateralis muscle is another injection site for

A

ts and children.

134
Q

Use _________ of vastus lateralis muscle for injection

A

middle third

135
Q

Deltoid injection site

A

The injection site is in the center of the triangle, about 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) below the acromion process.
Holds up to 2cc of medication
Avoid the acromin and humerus

136
Q

Use of the Z-track method in intramuscular injections

A

When administering IM injections, the Z-track method is recommended to minimize local skin irritation by sealing the medication in muscle tissue.
*When administering IM injections, the Z-track method is recommended to minimize local skin irritation by sealing the medication in muscle tissue.

137
Q

Intradermal injections used for

A

skin testing (tuberculosis [TB], allergies)

138
Q

Intradermal Skin testing requires

A

the nurse to be able to clearly see the injection site for changes

139
Q

ID angle of insertion

A

*Angle of insertion is 5 to 15 degrees with bevel up
*A small bleb will form

140
Q

Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act

A

mandates the use of special needle safety devices to reduce the frequency of needlestick injuries.

141
Q

Safety syringes

A

have a sheath or guard that covers a needle immediately after it is withdrawn from the skin. This eliminates the chance for a needlestick injury.

142
Q

Dispose of sharps in marked containers

A

-Use puncture- and leak-proof containers
-Never force needles into receptacle
-Never place used needles into wastebaskets, your pockets, or patient’s tray or bedside

143
Q

Nurses administer medications intravenously by the following methods:

A
  1. As mixtures within large volumes of IV fluids
  2. By injection of a bolus or small volume of medication through an existing IV infusion line or intermittent venous access (heparin or saline lock)
  3. By “piggyback” infusion of a solution containing the prescribed medication and a small volume of IV fluid through an existing IV line
144
Q

volume controlled infusions

A

Uses small amounts (50 to 100 mL) of compatible fluids.

145
Q

advantages of volume controlled infusions

A

-Reduces the risk of rapid-dose infusion by IV push
-Allows for administration of medications that are stable for a limited time
-Allows control of IV fluid intake

146
Q

Piggyback

A

A small (25 to 250 mL) IV bag or bottle connected to a short tubing line that connects to the upper Y-port of a primary infusion line or to an intermittent venous access

147
Q

Volume-control administration

A

Small (150-mL) containers that attach just below the primary infusion bag or bottle

148
Q

Syringe pump

A

*Battery operated
*Allows medications to be given in very small amounts of fluid (5 to 60 mL) within controlled infusion times using standard syringes

149
Q

intermittent venous access (saline lock) Advantages:

A

*Cost savings resulting from the omission of continuous IV therapy
*Effectiveness of nurse’s time enhanced by eliminating constant monitoring of flow rates
*Increased mobility, safety, and comfort for the patient

150
Q

intermittent venous access (saline lock) Before administration:

A

Assess the patency and placement of the IV site

151
Q

intermittent venous access (saline lock) after administration:

A

Access must be flushed with a solution to keep it patent

152
Q

Administration of IV therapy in the home

A

-Usually patients have a central venous catheter.
-Home care nurses assist with monitoring.
-Carefully assess patients and their families to determine their ability to manage this therapy at home.

153
Q

Begin instruction on IV care management while the patient is still in the hospital. Teach family and patient:

A

*To recognize signs of infection and complications
*When to notify the home care nurse or health care provider
*How to maintain IV administration equipment

NSG 300 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions