Topic 11 Flashcards
Healthy People 2020 goals
-Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
-Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
health beliefs
a person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness
positive health behaviors
activities related to maintaining, attaining, or regaining good health and preventing illness
negative health behaviors
practices actually or potentially harmful to health e.g. smoking, drug or alcohol abuse, poor diet and refusal to take necessary medications
what are the 3 components of the health belief model
o An individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness
o An individual’s perception of seriousness of illness
o And the likelihood that a person will take preventative action
what is the purpose of the health promotion model
to increase the patients wellbeing
what three areas does the health promotion model focus on
- Individual characteristics and experiences
- Behavior specific knowledge and effect
- Behavioral outcomes in which the patient commits to or changes behavior
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs
(level 2) Safety and Security
(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection
(level 4) Self Esteem
(level 5) Self Actualization
holistic health model
Promote optimal health by considering emotional and spiritual well-being and other dimensions of an individual to be important aspects of physical wellness
what are the internal variables of health beliefs
developmental stage
intellectual background
perception of functioning
emotional factors
spiritual factors
what are the external variables of health beliefs
family practices
socioeconomic factors
cultural background
what are three things included in health promotion, wellness ans illness prevention
- Immunization programs
- Routine exercise, good nutrition
- Physical awareness, stress management, self-responsibility
passive health promotion
individuals gain from the activities of others without acting themselves
active health promotion
individuals adopt specific health programs
what are the levels of preventative care
primary, secondary, tertiary prevention
primary prevention
true prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop
-health education programs, immunizations, nutritional programs, and physical fitness activities
secondary prevention
Focuses on those who have health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions
-delivered in homes, hospitals or skilled nursing facilities
tertiary prevention
Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible (also called preventative care because it involves preventing further disability or reduced functioning)
what are risk factors
Variables that increase the vulnerability of an individual or a group to an illness or accident
risk factors include
o Genetic and physiologic factors (being overweight, heredity, genetic predisposition)
o Age
o Environment (Where a person works, or lives can increase illness. Ex: hot, cold, overcrowding, air quality)
o Lifestyle
(sunbathing, prolonged stress, healthy/unhealthy diet)
precontemplation stage
no intention to change
contemplation stage
considering a change within the next 6 months
preparation stage
making small changes in preparation for a change in the next month
action stage
people are actively changing a negative behavior or adopting a new, healthy behavior
maintainence stage
maintaining changes in behavior
what are the stages of change
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
when a relapse occurs in the stages of change, what stage does the person return to?
contemplation or precontemplation
illness
A state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired
acute illness
short duration and severe
-usually reversible, the symptoms appear abruptly, are intense, and often subside after a short period
chronic illness
persists linger than 6 months
-irreversible, affect function of more than one system
illness behavior
Involves how people monitor their bodies and define and interpret their symptoms
internal variables affecting illness behavior
Patient perceptions of symptoms and the nature of the illness, influence patient behavior.
external variables affect illness behavior
visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economics, and accessibility to health care
All state Nurse Practice Acts recognize that ________ __________falls within the scope of nursing practice.
patient teaching
teaching and learning empowers clients and families to…
(1) perform self-care
(2) make informed decisions about their healthcare options.
The goal of patient education is…
To help individuals, families, or communities achieve optimal levels of health
patient education includes
-Maintenance and promotion of health and illness prevention
-Restoration of health
-Coping with impaired functioning
teaching
The concept of imparting knowledge through a series of directed activities.
-consists of a conscious, deliberate set of actions that help individuals gain new knowledge, change attitudes, adopt new behaviors, or perform new skills.
learning
-The purposeful acquisition of new knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills through an experience or external stimulus.
-Learning is a process of both understanding and applying newly acquired concepts.
role of the nurse in teaching and learning
-teach info that the patient and the family need to make informed decisions regarding their care
-determine what patients need to know
-identify when patients are ready to learn
TJC’s Speak Up Tips
SPEAK UP if you have questions or concerns.
PAY ATTENTION to the care you get.
EDUCATE yourself about your illness.
ASK a trusted family member or friend to be your advocate.
KNOW which medicines you take and why.
USE a health care organization that has been carefully evaluated.
PARTICIPATE in all decisions about your treatment.
Teaching requires good communication skills:
(1) adequately convey information
(2) assess verbal and nonverbal feedback
(3) accommodate various learning styles. In patient education, nurses can use teaching, counseling, and behavioral modification together to achieve effective client learning.
what are the three domains of learning
cognitive, affective, psychomotor
Domains of learning: cognitive
includes all intellectual behaviors and requires thinking
-includes memorization, recall, comprehension and analysis, synthesis, application, and evaluation of ideas.
Strategies and tools to support teaching cognitive-type content include:
lectures, reading materials, panel discussions, audiovisual materials, programmed instruction, computer-assisted instruction (CAI), and problem-based learning
Domains of learning: psychomotor
“hands-on skill”- involves acquiring skills that require integration of mental and muscular activity
Strategies and tools used to teach psychomotor skills include:
demonstration and return demonstration, simulation models, audiovisual materials (e.g., DVDs, streaming video), journaling and self-reflection, and printed materials (especially with photographs and illustrations).
Domains of learning: affective
deals with expression of feelings and acceptance of attitudes, opinions, or values
Strategies and tools for promoting affective learning include:
role modeling, group work, panel discussion, role playing, mentoring, one-to-one counseling and discussion, audiovisual materials (e.g., DVDs, streaming video, interactive computer-based modules, movies), and printed materials.
Motivation to learn
Addresses the patients desire or willingness to learn
-Determined by the patient’s attentional set, readiness to learn, and willingness to participate actively.
Ability to learn
Depends on physical and cognitive abilities, developmental level, physical wellness, and though process
Learning environment
Allows a person to attend to instruction
-The ideal environment must be well lit and must have good ventilation, appropriate furniture, and a proper temperature.
-Group teaching differs from one-on-one teaching.
Attentional set
The mental state that allows the learner to focus on and comprehend a learning activity.
Motivation
Force that acts on or within a person to cause the person to behave in a particular way.
Readiness to learn
This is the demonstration of behaviors that indicate the learner is both motivated and able to learn at a specific time.
Physical condition (that affect readiness to learn)
o Physical factors (e.g., pain, strength, coordination, energy, senses, mobility)
o Emotions: (Severe anxiety, stress, or emotional pain interfere with the ability to learn)
timing and readiness to learn
People retain information better when they have an opportunity to use it soon after it is presented. For some concepts, the learner might need more time to be able to absorb and apply information, especially when more complex thinking is required.
active involvement and learning
Learning is more meaningful when the client is actively engaged in the planning and the learning activities. Learners retain 10% of what they read, but they retain 90% of what they speak and do
feedback and learning
Positive feedback encourages learners and boosts morale when it comes to tackling difficult content or devoting the time and effort needed to get the most out of the educational process.
social learning theory
considers the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment, and guides the educator in developing effective teaching interventions that result in improved motivation and enhanced learning.
Self-efficacy
a concept included in social learning theory, refers to a person’s perceived ability to successfully complete a task
Self-efficacy beliefs come from four sources:
enactive mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and physiological and affective states
grieving
the process of grieving gives patients time to adapt psychologically to the emotional and physical implications of their illnesses.
-Readiness to learn is related to the stage of grieving.
active participation
Implies an eagerness to acquire knowledge
-Patients cannot learn when they are unwilling or unable to accept the reality of illness.
Repitition
The client is more likely to retain information and incorporate it into his or her life if the content is repeated. Each time the learner hears the information, the likelihood of retention increases.
Scheduling of a teaching session
Plan for uninterrupted time to allow you to adequately assess and understand the client. The teaching time does not need to be long, just uninterrupted.
Amount and complexity of content
The more complex or detailed the content, the more difficult it is for most people to learn and retain.
Teacher/learner communication
Barriers to communication include pain, anxiety, fatigue, illness, hunger, dysfunctional relationships, language differences, vision and hearing impairment, cultural factors, and various environmental issues, such as noise and distraction.
Belonging to a special population
The adaptations you make will depend on the nature of the special need, so if you are not familiar with the patient’s condition, you must acquire theoretical knowledge of it.
-Include a family member, caregiver, or other significant person in the teaching to reinforce the learning and act as a safety net for implementing the information.
ability to learn: Developmental stage
An understanding of intellectual development will help you to gear your teaching strategies and content to the level of the learner.
ability to learn: culture
Cultural sensitivity involves respect for clients’ identity and needs, regardless of who they are, where they are from, how they speak, how old they are, what religion they practice or not, whether disabled or not, how much wealth or poverty they experience, how much they weigh, how socially popular they are, or any other aspect that can lead to unfair treatment
learning environment
well lit, good ventilation, appropriate furniture, comfortable temperature, quiet, private
educating older adults
-Inadequate health literacy disproportionately affects older adults in the United States, causing misunderstanding of health information and subsequent nonadherence.
-Nurses must use more than words when teaching older adults
-Assist in selecting, understanding, and using health-related information about medications
Older adults learn new information at a slower rate than younger adults due to:
a decline in fluid intelligence, which is defined as the reasoning and processing components of learning.
-In addition, an older adult has difficulty processing multiple bits of information at one moment.
health literacy
the cognitive and social skills that determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health.
who are at geater risk for low helth literacy
The elderly, minorities, immigrants, persons of low income, and people with chronic mental and/or physical health conditions
Group instruction
are an economical way to teach a number of patients at one time, and patients are able to interact with one another and learn
One-on-one discussion
Nurse shares information directly at patient’s bedside, in the physician’s office, or in the patient’s home
Preparatory instruction
consists of providing information about procedures before they occur. It often decreases anxiety because patients have a better idea of what to expect during the procedure
demonstration
Use demonstrations when teaching psychomotor skills
analogy
supplement verbal instruction with familiar images that make complex information more real and understandable
role playing
people are asked to play themselves or someone else. Patients learn required skills and feel more confident in being able to perform them independently. The technique involves rehearsing a desired behavior
simulation
a useful technique for teaching problem solving, application, and independent thinking. During individual or group discussion you pose a pertinent problem or situation for patients to solve
legal resposibility of the nurse is…
providing accurate, timely patient information that promotes continuity of care
Teach Back
a closed-loop communication technique that assesses patient retention of the information imparted during a teaching session
