Topic 12 Flashcards
– the art of extracting and working on metals by the application of chemical and physical knowledge.
Metallurgy
– branch of metallurgy that involves the study of the microstructures of metals and alloys. All metals are composed of minute grains or crystals, under the naked eye and when viewed from a distance a metal appears to be homogeneous but when viewed under a metallographymicroscope the crystal structure is visible. These crystals of the metal are tightly packed.
Metallography
are coins made to imitate the real thing and used for gain.
Counterfeit coins
– coins made in molds.
Cast coins
– coins made by striking or stamping method.
Struck coins
– An impression of genuine coin is taken by use of Plaster of Paris, clay or bronze. The plaster molds bearing the image of a good coin are filled within a low temperature alloy made with lead or tin. Sand molds are used for high temperature metals such as copper or silver alloys. Cast coins have poor imitation. It can be easily detected. The surface is usually pitted and uneven. The edge of letterings and designs are rounded instead of sharp.
Cast Coins
– Made by striking or stamping method. Consists of making an impression of a coin on a metal blank by pressure. Stamping is done by way of steel dies. Often well executed. Its detection is not easy since weight, specific gravity, composition may all be good. Careful comparison of smaller details of the design with those of the genuine should be made.
Stuck Coins
are restored by the application of etching liquid. Etching fluid is a fluid used to restore tampered serial numbers. Choice of etching depends on the structure of the metal bearing the original numbers.
Tampered serial numbers
is associated with the medico-legal aspects of toxicology; it plays an essential role in criminal and coroner investigations of poisoning, drug use and death, as well as in suspected cases of doping, inhalant or drug abuse, and driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. This forensic discipline applies analytical chemistry to isolate and chemically identify toxic substances, drugs (prescription and illicit), alcohol, volatile substances and industrial, household or environmental chemicals that adversely affect the human body.
Forensic Toxicology
– This refers to the branch of science that treats of poison, their origin, physical and chemical properties, physiological action, treatment of their noxious effect and methods of detection.
Toxicology
The etymology of toxicology came from ____ that means poison and ____ that means study or science.
“toxico”
“ology”
– are nitrogenous organic basic compound with bitter containing usually oxygen that occurs especially in seed plants.
Alkaloids
– highly irritant poisons that cause local destruction of tissues and characterized by nausea, vomiting, and great local distress. E.g. strong acids and alkalis.
Corrosives
– one that produces irritation or inflammation of the mucus membrane and characterized by vomiting, pain in the abdomen and purging. E.g. arsenic.
Irritants
– one that produce stupor, complete insensibility, or loss of feeling. E.g. opium, Demerol and cocaine.
Narcotics
– one that act chiefly on the nervous system producing delirium, convulsion and respiration as the outstanding symptoms. E.g. alcohol, opium, and strychnine.
Neurotics
– substance that act chiefly upon the spinal column producing such spasmodic and continuous contraction of muscles as a result of stiffness or immobility of the parts to which they are attached.
Tetanics
– agents that retard or depress the physiological action of an organ. E.g. Nicotine and cocaine.
Depressants or Sedatives
– agents that produce exhaustion, marked loss vital or muscular power. E.g. hydrocyanic acid.
Asthenics or Exhaustive
– This refers to one that there is prompt and marked disturbance of function death within a short period of time. Due to either a strong poison in excessive single dose or several doses at short interval.
Acute Poisoning
– This refers to cases of short and extreme violence that may include symptoms of chronic poisoning.
Sub – Acute Poisoning
– This refers to kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of function of tissues and may or may not result in death. Either taking several doses at long intervals or taking only toxic doses of the drug produces it.
Chronic Poisoning
– This refers to those in which the poison was taken without intention to cause death. It may be taken by mistake or without knowing that it is poison.
Accidental Poisoning
– This refers to those in which the victim voluntarily for the purpose of taking his own life took the poison.
Suicidal Poisoning
– This refers those in which the poison was given willfully, wantonly and with intent to cause death to the victim.
Homicidal Poisoning
– This refers to those in which the history is hazy as to how the poison was obtained and why it was administered.
Undetermined
– This refers to the changes or disturbance produced on the part with which the poison come in contact. Ex. The corrosion produced by corrosive poisons.
Local
– This refers to the changes or disturbance produced in distant parts away from the site of application. Ex. Dilation of the pupils when belladonna is taken orally.
Remote
– This refers to the effect of the poison is not only localized at the site but affects remote organs. Ex. Phenol causes corrosion of the gastro – intestinal tract (local) and causes convulsion (remote).
Combined
– This refers to branch of medical science that concerned with form and quantity of medicine to be administered within a certain period.
Posology
– This refers to one that does not cause harmful effect.
Safe Dose
– This refers to one that is harmful to both healthy and sick
Toxic or Poisonous Dose
– This refers to one that kills.
Lethal Dose
– This refers to the smallest amount that will produce the therapeutic effect without harm.
Minimum Dose
– This refers to the largest amount that will cause no harm but at the same time produce desired therapeutic effect.
Maximum Dose
– are substances or agents that produce vomiting.
Emetics
– an agent that removes the posing without changing it or coats the surface of the organ so that absorption is prevented. E.g. Stomach tubes or pumps; emetics; Cathartics; demulcents and precipitants.
Mechanical Antidote
– produce their effects by their irritation of the terminal nerve filaments of the pharynx, esophagus or stomach.
Local Emetic
– produce their effects through the medium of circulation.
System or General Emetics
– agents that produce intestinal evacuation
Cathartics
– substances that soothe and protect that part which they are applied.
Demulcents
– these are substances that prevent absorption of poisons by precipitating them and rendering them insoluble.
Precipitants
– substance that make the poison harmless by chemically altering it.
Chemical Antidote
– sometimes called “antagonist”. An agent that acts upon the system to counteract the effect of the poison. It merely masks the symptoms produced.
Physiological Antidote
