Topic 10

Question 1

may be an important part of the investigation ofquestioned documents, including forged checks, wills, or altered records. Although all blue or black inks may look the same, there can be some important differences in their chemical composition. These can be revealed by laboratory analysis and the results can help assess whether there have been any additions or alterations to a document.

Answer 1

Ink analysis

Question 2

is an incredibly important analytical technique in forensic crime labs. Most commonly, it isused to determine if more than one ink was used on a document, which can help to detect fraud and forgery

Answer 2

Ink analysis

Question 3

can basically be described as a fluid or paste in different colors usually in black, blue and red color, used of writing and printing. It is composed of pigments or dyes in different composition dissolved or dispersed in a liquid called the vehicle.

Answer 3

Ink

Question 4

usually refers to chemical tests which are applied to small samples of ink removed from a document. The traditional method for analyzing writing inks is Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The specific solvent system is chosen based on the type of ink being tested.

Answer 4

Ink analysis

Question 5

Handwritten notes as well as printed documents can be analyzed.

Answer 5

INK ANALYSIS

Question 6

helps in solving the dispute about the document, identification of ink used, and determining the date and age of documents. In the examination of questioned documents, then non-destructive techniques are preferred until and unless it is very necessary to adopt the destructive ones in order to reach a definite conclusion.

Answer 6

Ink analysis

Question 7

The purpose of this is to disperse and carry the ink pigment to the substrate, stabilize the pigment and additives dispersion to prevent settling, and provide print properties such as ink transfer behavior, setting, and drying characteristics.

Answer 7

Resins or binders (pigment wetting)

Question 8

are the compounds added to materialsto give them color. This deceptively simple application has shaped our perception of the world via art, fashion, and even computer displays and medicine.

are used in paints, inks, plastics, fabrics, cosmetics, and food.

Answer 8

Pigments (colour)

Question 9

bodying agents, which increase theviscosityof an ink.

used in ink helps the ink toimprove the itss strength and durability when dry.

Answer 9

Additives (rub resistance, drying ink body)

Question 10

isany substance, usually liquid, which is capable of dissolving one or several substances, thus creating a solution. It is used to dissolve thevehicleand thepigmentand aid in transport and drying of the ink.

Answer 10

Solvent or vehicle (ink fluidity)

Question 11

It is manufactured from extracts of the Haematoxylon campecheartzim tree mixed with crystallized sodium carbonate and potassium chromate.

Answer 11

LOGWOOD INKS

Question 12

The pieces of wood are purchased as small chips and they are steeped in boiled water to extract the dye.

Answer 12

LOGWOOD INKS

Question 13

The ink dries easily into a purplish black who becomes a concentrated black on the surface and in the paper. It can be washed, but when exposed to air it decomposes into small flakes.

Answer 13

LOGWOOD INKS

Question 14

Inks containing aniline dye is used when permanence factor of ink is not important. It is used in stenciling and ticket writing.

Answer 14

ANILINE BLACK INK

Question 15

This ink of on capillary action.

ink mostly water but contain several additives to give certain color, flow and characteristics and are prone to get washed by water

Answer 15

FOUNTAIN PEN INK

Question 16

was developed in Europe about 1939 and was initially distributed in Argentina about 1943

consists of synthetic dyes (sometimes carbon or graphite is also added for permanence) in various glycol solvents or benzyl alcohol.

Answer 16

BALLPOINT INK

Question 17

These ingredients consist of fatty acids, resins, surface active agents, corrosion control ingredients and viscosity adjustors. The fatty acid (oleic is the most common) act as lubricants to the ball of the pen and they also help the starting characteristics of the ball point.

Answer 17

BALLPOINT INK

Question 18

This type of ink is referred to as secret ink. It can be made from common foodstuffs, for instance the British used rice starch to manufacture Invisible ink during the Indian mutiny in 1857.

Answer 18

INVISIBLE INK

Question 19

The methods used in a forensic document examination can include destructive as well as non-destructive (ND) methods of analysis. Obviously, ND methods are preferred as they will leave the document intact and preserve the value of the document as a piece of evidence ,whereas destructive method will destroy the document that is why it is used after all the non destructive method.

Answer 19

NON-DESTRUCTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS METHODS

Question 20

– applied to determine the color and presence of alterations, erasures, destruction of sizes with the use of stereoscope, hand lens and microscope

Answer 20

Physical Method/Test

Question 21

– a simple test wherein different chemicals or reagents are applied on the ink strokes and the chemical reactions or characteristics color reactions or other changes in the ink are observed.

Answer 21

Chemical Test or Spot Test

Question 22

Forensic technique also use UV light technologies, such as ultraviolent monochromators or optical spectroscopy, to detect the presence of illegal or controlled substances of their residues in unidentified samples, or to determine how many types of inks or pens were used in a forged document.

Answer 22

U V light method ( non destructive)

Question 23

is defined as the technique in which the analysis of unknown substances is carried out mainly by the flow of solvents on a specially designed filter paper.

Answer 23

Paper chromatography (destructive)

Question 24

Paper impregnated with silica or alumina, it act as adsorbent (stationary phase) and solvent as mobile phase.

Answer 24

Paper adsorption chromatography

Question 25

in which moisture water present in the pores of the cellulose paper and another mobile phase is used as solvent.

Answer 25

Paper partition chromatography:

Question 26

in which moisture water present in the pores of the cellulose paper and another mobile phase is used as solvent.

Answer 26

Paper partition chromatography:

Question 27

isa technique used to isolate non-volatile mixtures. The experiment is conducted on a sheet of aluminium foil, plastic, or glass which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. The material usually used is aluminium oxide, cellulose, or silica gel.
It was developed by Izmailov un the year 1938 considering Mikhail Tswett’s description of column chromatography.

Answer 27

Thin layer chromatography (destructive

Question 28

Separates compounds dissolved in a liquid sample and allows qualitative and quantitative analysis of what components and how much of each component are contained in the sample.

Answer 28

High pressure liquid chromatography (destructive)

Question 29

is used to determine the type of ink, its color or to determine additional marking that is generated due to pointed tip, blunt tip, damaged writing tip leading to identicality of a class of writing instrument. This helps in determining the composition of ink used.

Answer 29

Stereomicroscope ( non destructive)