TOPIC 12 Flashcards
Mouth and Throat-Preparation
o Position person sitting up straight with his or her head at your eye level.
o If person wears dentures, offer a paper towel and ask person to remove them.
lips: african americans
o African Americans normally may have bluish lips and a dark line on gingival margin
normal gum appearance
o Pink or coral with a stippled (dotted) surface
o Tight and well-defined
gums: african american
o African Americans normally have a dark melanotic line along gingival margin
Stensen’s duct
opening of parotid salivary gland
Leukoedema
benign grayish opaque area - normal finding in African Americans & East Indians
Fordyce’s granules
o small white or yellow papules on mucosa, tongue and lips (not significant)
anterior hard palate appearance
white with irregular transverse rugae
posterior soft palate appearance
pinker, smooth, and upwardly movable
Torus palatinus
normal; nodular bony ridge down middle of hard palate
Tonsils graded in size as follows:
- 1+ Visible
- 2+ Halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula
- 3+ Touching uvula
- 4+ Touching each other
normal healthy tonsil grade
1+ or 2+
Touching posterior wall with tongue blade elicits what? testing…
gag reflex; this tests cranial nerves IX and X, the glossopharyngeal and vagus.
Test cranial nerve XII, hypoglossal nerve, by
asking person to stick out tongue;
§ should protrude in midline; note any tremor, loss of movement, or deviation to side.
Edentulous person appearance
mouth and lips fold in, giving a “purse-string” appearance
aging adult: GI function
-Salivation decreases (dry mouth and decreased sense of taste)
-Esophageal emptying and gastric acid secretion are delayed
-Incidence of gallstones increases
-Decreased liver size, most liver functions remain normal; (however, drug metabolism is impaired)
-frequent constipation
aging adult: common causes of constipation
o Decreased physical activity
o Inadequate intake of water
o Low-fiber diet
o Side effects of medications
o Irritable bowel syndrome
o Bowel obstruction
o Hypothyroidism
o Inadequate toilet facilities, difficulty ambulating to toilet
recommendations for obesity
o healthy food patterns,
o decreased consumption of sweetened/processed foods,
o increased physical activity
when doing the physcal exam of teh abdomen, you always want to…
Auscultate prior to palpation and percussion
inspection of the abdomen: contour
Determine profile from rib margin to pubic bone; contour describes nutritional state and normally ranges from flat to rounded
-FLAT, ROUNDED, SCAPHOID, PROTUBERANT
normally the umbilicus is
midline and inverted, with no sign of discoloration, inflammation, or hernia
good skin turgor on the abdomen reflects…
healthy nutriton
how do you assess skin turgor
gently pinch up a fold of skin; then release to note skin’s immediate return to original position
striae
striae, silvery white, linear, jagged marks about 1 to 6 cm long
Occur when elastic fibers in reticular layer of skin are broken after rapid or prolonged stretching, as in pregnancy or excessive weight gain