Topic 11 - Eukaryotic Regulation

Question 1

Trans-acting regulatory transcription factors in eukaryotes.

Answer 1

Specific Transcription Factors

Question 2

Cis-acting specific regulatory sequence that TFs bind to.

Answer 2

Response Element

Question 3

DNA binding domain that interacts with basal transcription factors.

Answer 3

Activation Domain

Question 4

When a repressor binds to the activator, preventing it from binding to the DNA.

Answer 4

Quenching

Question 5

Gal80 is the specific transcription factor, Gal4 is a repressor, Gal3 is an activator.

Answer 5

Galactose Metabolism in Yeast

Question 6

Gal80 binds to the activation domain of Gal4, preventing activation.

Answer 6

No Galactose Present

Question 7

Gal3 binds to Gal80 which then moves out of the nucleus.

Answer 7

Galactose Present

Question 8

Positive, cis-acting regulatory TF binding site.

Answer 8

Enhancer

Question 9

Negative, cis-acting regulatory TF binding site.

Answer 9

Silencer

Question 10

Insulator proteins bind at insulator site to bring enhancers and silencers closer and further from the transcription site.

Answer 10

Chromatin Loops

Question 11

Protein that that promotes splicing of a particular exon.

Answer 11

Exonic Splicing Enhancers

Question 12

Protein that prevents splicing of a particular exon.

Answer 12

Exonic Splicing Silencers

Question 13

When proteins detect premature stop codons and degrade the mRNA by removing the 5’ cap.

Answer 13

Nonsense Mediated Decay

Question 14

Using alternative splicing and regulatory proteins to make mRNA that is capable of making a protein or mRNA that is defective.

Answer 14

Alternative Splicing Regulation

Question 15

Addition of acetyl groups to histones that results in loosely packed DNA with high transcription.

Answer 15

Acetylation

Question 16

Addition of methyl groups to histones that results in tightly packed DNA with little or no transcription.

Answer 16

Methylation

Question 17

A nucleosome repositioning complex that relies on ATP to move nucleosomes allowing for transcription to occur.

Answer 17

SWI/SNF

Question 18

Acetylation of histone tails weakens the interaction between DNA and histones.

Answer 18

Histone Acetylation

Question 19

Enzyme that add acetyl groups to histones.

Answer 19

Histone Acetyltransferase

Question 20

Enzyme that remove acetyl groups from histones.

Answer 20

Histone Deacetylase

Question 21

Addition of methyl groups to histones resulting in tightly packed nucleosomes.

Answer 21

Histone Methylation

Question 22

Addition of methyl groups to Cytosine bases resulting in the blocking of the major groove.

Answer 22

DNA Methylation

Question 23

Enzyme that adds methyl groups to DNA.

Answer 23

DNA Methyltransferase

Question 24

DNA region that contains many copies of a cytosine base followed by a guanine base (5’ to 3’); often found near transcription start sites in eukaryotic DNA.

Answer 24

CpG Island

Question 25

Replication of methylated cytosines and addition of coordinating methyl groups by DNMT1.

Answer 25

Maintenance DNA Methylation

Question 26

An enzyme used during maintenance DNA methylation to add new methyl groups.

Answer 26

DNMT1

Question 27

Methylation is removed after fertilization and added during blastocyst stage to distinguish between cell types.

Answer 27

Methylation in Development

Question 28

DNMT1, DNMT2, DNMT3a, DNMT3b

Answer 28

DNA Methylases

Question 29

DNA methylation changes over lifetimes as a results of environmental effects.

Answer 29

Epigenetic Drift

Question 30

Silencing of one gene based on parental origin, unique to mammals and flowering plants.

Answer 30

Genetic/Genomic Imprinting

Question 31

Gene is transcriptionally silenced, paternally inherited gene expressed.

Answer 31

Maternally Imprinted Gene

Question 32

Gene is transcriptionally silenced, maternally inherited gene is expressed.

Answer 32

Paternally Imprinted Gene

Question 33

Technique to determine methylated sites in the genome by comparing two samples of treated and untreated DNA.

Answer 33

Bisulfate Sequencing

Question 34

Chemically change unmethylated cystosines to uracils. Methylated cystosines remain cystosines after replication whiile unmethylated appear as thymines.

Answer 34

Reading Bisulfate Sequencing

Question 35

Able to become any cell.

Answer 35

Pluripotent