Topic 10.1: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Main features of members of the same homologous series
a) Differ by CH2
b) Same general formula
c) Gradation in physical properties
d) Similar chemical properties
Why is there an increase in the boiling point as the carbon number increases in members of the same homologous series?
Increased instantaneous induced dipoles causing stronger London dispersion forces between the molecules as their molecular size increases.
Empirical formula definition
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
Molecular formula definition
Actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule
Structural formula definition
Representation of the molecule showing how the atoms are bonded to each other
Alkane
a) Suffix
b) General formula
c) Example
d) Functional group
a) -ane
b) CnH2n+2
c) Ethane (C2H6)
d) Alkanyl
Alkene
a) Suffix
b) General formula
c) Example
d) Functional group
a) -ene
b) CnH2n
c) Ethene (C2H4)
d) Alkenyl
Alkyne
a) Suffix
b) General formula
c) Example
d) Functional group
a) -yne
b) CnHn
c) Ethyne
d) Alkynyl
Alcohol
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -ol
b) -OH (Hydroxyl)
c) Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
Ether
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -oxy alkane
b) R - O - R (Ether)
c) Methoxy ethane
Aldehyde
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -al
b) R - C O H (Carbonyl)
c) Propanal
Ketone
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) anone
b) R - CO - R (Carbonyl)
c) Propanone
Carboxylic acid
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -anoic acid
b) - COOH (Carboxyl)
c) Propanoic acid
Ester
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -yl -anoate
b) R - COO - R (Ester)
c) Methyl propanoate
Amide
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -anamide
b) R - CO - NH2 (Carboxy amide)
c) Propanamide
Amine
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -anamine
b) R - NH2 (Amine)
c) Propanamine
Nitrile
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -anenitrile
b) - CN (Nitrile)
c) Propanenitrile
Arene
a) Suffix
b) Functional group
c) Example
a) -yl -benzene
b) Benzene (Phenyl)
c) Propanyl benzene
Structural isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms
Bond lengths of benzene
All C-C in benzene are equal and intermediate in length between single and double bonds.
Type of reactivity of benzene
Reluctant to undergo addition reactions / More likely to undergo substitution reactions
a) Addition reactions are energetically not favored as they would involved disrupting the entire cloud of delocalized e-
Isomer of 1,2-dibromobenzene
Only one isomer
Why do branched isomers have a lower boiling point?
Have less contact with each other than their straight-chain isomers.
Unsaturated compounds
Contain multiple bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated compounds
Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
