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Ib sl chemistry > Topic 10: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 10: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Alkane

A

Saturated hydrocarbons - composed of only carbon and hydrogens

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2
Q

Functional group of an alkane

A

alkyl

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3
Q

Order of increasing carbon names

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

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4
Q

General formula for alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Types of reactions that alkanes undergo

A

combustion reactions, free radical substitution

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6
Q

What is an alkene

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons, contains a carbon to carbon double bond

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7
Q

General formula of an alkene

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

Types of reactions that alkenes undergo

A

Combustion and electrophilic addition, can also undergo reduction reactions to produce alkanes

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9
Q

What is an alkyne

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon carbon triple bond

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10
Q

General formula for alkyne

A

CnH2n-2

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11
Q

Reactions alkynes undergo

A

Combustion and electrophilic addition

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12
Q

What is an aldehyde

A

Carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom AND a single bond to a hydrogen

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13
Q

What is a carbon to oxygen double bond known as

A

carbonyl group

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14
Q

General formula of aldehyde

A

CnH2nO

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15
Q

How to name alkane

A

(root +) - ane

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16
Q

name alkene

A
  • ene
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17
Q

name alkyne

A
  • yne
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18
Q

name aldehyde

A
  • al
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19
Q

Types of reactions aldehydes undergo

A

oxidation to form carboxylic acids

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20
Q

What is a ketone

A

Carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom AND bonded to two alkyl groups on either side

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21
Q

name ketone

A

-one

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22
Q

General formula of ketones

A

CnH2nO

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23
Q

Types of reactions that a ketone undergoes

A

Reduction (HL)

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24
Q

What is an ester

A

Carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen and ALSO single bonded to an oxygen, the single bonded oxygen is bonded to an alkyl group

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25
Q

Naming ester

A

One half is named after carboxylic acid, other side is named after alcohol. Base with ending -oate is the side attached to oxygen double bond

Name is two words with a space in between
Naming side groups is depending on the side its on, the numbers restart on when switching to different sides of the oxygen

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26
Q

General formula for an ester

A

CnH2nO2

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27
Q

What reaction forms an ester?

A

Condensation reactions between alcohols and carboxylic acids in warm sulphuric acid produces ester and water
hydrolysis reactions to form alcohols and carboxylic acids

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28
Q

What is an ether

A

Oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups

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29
Q

Naming ethers

A

The shorter side connected to the oxygen is the side chain named with -oxy (alkoxy substituent)
E.g. methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy etc.

The longer alkyl group becomes the alkane stem
When there are more than 2 carbons in the alkane stem, use numbers to show which carbon the alkoxy substituent is connected to. e.g. 1-methoxy-4-methylpentane

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30
Q

General formula for ether

A

CnH2n+2O

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31
Q

What is an alcohol

A

OH bonded - hydroxyl group

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32
Q

naming alcohols

A

-ol

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33
Q

General formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+2O

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34
Q

Types of reactions alcohols undergo

A

Combustion, oxidation, nucleophilic substitution with carboxylic acids to form esters

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35
Q

What is a carboxylic acid

A

Carbon double bonded to oxygen and a single bond to an OH

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36
Q

Naming carboxylic acids

A

-oic acid

37
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2nO2

38
Q

Types of reactions carboxylic acids undergo

A

Nucleophilic substitution with alcohols to form esters

39
Q

Nitriles

A

Carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen atom

40
Q

Naming nitriles

A

-nitriles

41
Q

General formula of nitrile

A

CnH2n+1N

42
Q

Amine

A

alkyl group bonded to Nitrogen which is single bonded to to hydrogens - hydrogens can be replaced with alkyl groups depending on if its primary, secondary or tertiary

43
Q

Naming amines

A

Amine, amino

44
Q

General formula for amine

A

CnH2n+3N

45
Q

Amide

A

Carbon double bonded to oxygen and a single bond to a nitrogen atom (which is also bonded to two hydrogens - these hydrogens can be changed for other alkyl groups)

46
Q

General formula for amide

A

CnH2n+1NO

47
Q

Phenyl

A

benzene molecule - minus a hydrogen and replaced with a substituent group

48
Q

What is phenol

A

benzene with a hydrogen replaced with an OH group

49
Q

Halogenoalkanes

A

alkyl bonded to a halogen

50
Q

naming halogenoalkanes

A

fluoro- chloro- bromo- iodo-

51
Q

General Formula for halogenoalkanes

A

CnH2n+1X

52
Q

What reactions do halgenoalkanes undergo

A

nucleophilic substitution

53
Q

what is a homologous series

A

series of organic compounds which differ by the same structural unit (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol) - have the same general formula

54
Q

Chemical properties in homologous series

A

Are similar

55
Q

Physical properties in homologous series

A

have a gradual increase in physical properties - such as boiling point

56
Q

explain low reactivity of alkanes

A

The C-H bonds are non-polar, C-C and C-H bonds are quite strong

57
Q

What is a cyclic alkane and what is its general formula

A

Alkanes in a ring CnH2n - add prefix cyclo-

58
Q

Naming branched chain alkanes (kinda goes for most functional groups)

A
  1. identify longest carbon chain
  2. identify position of branches and give them the lowest number possible
  3. use prefixes di- tri- etc. if more than one of the same alkyl group is present
  4. put names in alphabetical order if there are more than one functional groups

e.g. 2, 2 - dimethylpropane / 2,3 - dipropylpentane

59
Q

What are the rules for naming with di/iso/cyclo prefixes

A

di does not factor into alphabetical naming, iso does factor into alphabetical naming, cyclo factors in

60
Q

Naming secondary amines

A

Use capitol N to show alkyl group is bonded to oxygen
e.g. N-ethylpropanamine

61
Q

Structural formulas

A

Full structural formula (all atoms and bonds shown), condensed (only atoms shown, no bonds), skeletal (a literal line only showing carbon backbone)

62
Q

Classifying alcohols

A

Number of carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom which is bonded to the hydroxyl group (1 - primary, 2 - secondary - 3 tertiary)

63
Q

Structural isomers

A

compounds with same molecular formula but diff arrangements of atoms
- differing in branches of carbons
- differing in position of double bonds
etc.

64
Q

Factors affecting boiling points of organic compounds

A
  1. molar mass
  2. structure (straight chain vs branched chain isomers)
  3. type of functional group (hydrogen bonding, dipole dipole, london dispersion)
65
Q

What is the polarity of alkanes - how does this affect its boiling point?

A

non polar - london dispersion forces between molecules, as molar mass increases - boiling point also increases (b/c # of electrons also increases and more to be induced and easily polarizable)

66
Q

Boiling point in branched chain isomers vs straight chain

A

branched chain have lower bp because it prevents molecules from getting closer together –> therefore weaker london dispersion forces

67
Q

Describe the london dispersion forces for all the functional groups

A

LDF: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Dipole-dipole: aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, nitriles
Hydrogen: alcohols, amides, amines, carboxylic acids

68
Q

Boiling point trend in alkanes

A

As the chain length increases the boiling point increases, increases rapidly at first and then increase slows down.

69
Q

Why does branching lower boiling point

A

Molecules become more spherical in shape, reduces surface area between them and lowers boiling point.

70
Q

Why do alkanes have low reactivity

A

Have strong C-C and C-H bonds, low polarity.

71
Q

Combustion of alkanes

A

Is exothermic because the double bonds of carbon and oxygen are stronger than the oxygen and hydrogen bonds. If there is insufficient amount of oxygen, incomplete combustion will occur and CO and C will also be products.

72
Q

Halogenation reaction

A

Alkanes can react with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet light to form haloalkane and a substituted alkane. e.g. CH4 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + HCl

essentially the Cl substituted the hydrogen

73
Q

Describe heterolytic and homolytic fission

A

Heterolytic: when a chemical bond breaks, both the shared electrons go to one atom, resulting in neg and pos ions.

Homolytic: when chemical bond breaks the electrons are shared equally between two atoms, resulting in free radicals.

Two halogens (diatomic) can break homolytically in the presence of UV light.

74
Q

Describe free radical chain reaction/substitution

A

initiation
propagation
termination
go look it up girl

75
Q

Why are alkenes reactive

A

because of the carbon to carbon double bondl undergo electrophilic addition reactions

76
Q

Hydrogenation of alkenes

A

double bond opens up and bonds with H2, needs high pressure, high temperature and a Ni catalyst to occur.

77
Q

Halogenation of alkenes

A

Double bond opens up to accept halogens

78
Q

Hydration reaction of alkenes

A

Alkene reacts with water (steam) in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst to form an alcohol.

double bond opens to accept a hydrogen and an OH.

79
Q

How to test for unsaturation

A

Bromine water used, its a brown solution, when added to alkene the bromine water is decolourised, tells us its unsaturated. When added to alkane there is no colour change.

80
Q

How are addition polymers formed

A

Formed when smaller unsaturated molecules react together.

81
Q

Repeating unit of polymer notation

A

Showin with -(repeating unit)-n

value n is the amount of reapeating units

only happens in alkenes

82
Q

What is the polymer polyvinyl chloride made from

A

The monomer unit chloroethene

83
Q

Combustion of alcohols

A

React with oxygen to form CO2 and H2O

84
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur

A

when reacting in a limited supply of oxygen

85
Q

What does the primary oxidation of alcohols form

A

aldehydes and carboxylic acids

86
Q

What is distillation

A

Used to seperate components of a mixture that have different boiling points.

87
Q

Secondary alcohol oxidation reaction

A

Form ketones

88
Q

What is reflux condenser

A

used to prevent loss of a solvent from a mixture, vapour rise up the column, condense and flow back down to the flask. `

89
Q

What is nucleophilic substitution

A

Halogenoalkanes have a polar bond because of the halogen, halogen partial neg charge and carbon partial positive charge. They undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions. Nucleophiles which are electron rich species have long pair of electrons are attracted to electron deficient carbons in halogenoalkanes.

Ib sl chemistry (12 decks)

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