Topic 1: Muscular-skeletal Anatomy

Question 1

Ossification

Answer 1

the process of bone formation, the conversion of cartilage into bone

Question 2

Long bone

Answer 2

longer than they are wide
works as levers (used with bones in the arms and legs)
long cylindrical shaft, with enlarged ends
essential for movement

Question 3

Short bone

Answer 3

cube shaped bones
small and compact
provide strength for intricate movements
carpal and tarsal bones

Question 4

Flat bone

Answer 4

have curved surfaces
vary from thick to thin
protects organs
allow muscle attachment
skull, ribs, sternum and scapula

Question 5

Irregular bone

Answer 5

all other bones that do not fall into the other categories
they have varied size, shape and surface area
include vertebral bones

Question 6

Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones

Answer 6

Anterior, front side of the body, also known as ventral.
Posterior, back side of the body, also known as the dorsal.
Distal, farthest end from the trunk or head.
Proximal, closest part nearest the trunk or head.
Inferior, below also, toward the feet.
Superior, above or near the head, also known as cranial.
Lateral, away from the midline.
Medial, toward the midline.

Question 7

Cartilage

Answer 7

a firm, smooth, non vascular connective tissue

adds protection by shock absorption

Question 8

Ligament

Answer 8

connect bone to bone to form a joint
strong, fibrous bands of connective tissue that link bones or structures together
provide stability to joints at rest and at movement
some ligament prevent movement in certain directions

Question 9

Tendon

Answer 9

connect muscles to bone
round band of connective tissue
without tendons, it would be impossible for us to move the way that we do
connect the muscle which enables movement to the bone which adds stability

Question 10

Joint

Answer 10

“A joint occurs where two or more bones articulate”

Question 11

Fixed joints

Answer 11

very stable
allow no observable movement
bones are often joined by strong fibers called sutures (sutures of the cranium)

Question 12

Cartilaginous

Answer 12

allows slight movement: due to slight compression of cartilage
the ends of bones, at the joint, are covered with white pads of fibrocartilage
they act as shock absorbers

Question 13

Synovial joints

Answer 13

most common type of joints
allow a wide range of movement
they are subdivided according to movement possibilities (1.1.10)
characterized by the presence of a joint capsule and cavity lined with synovial membrane (1.1.9)

Question 14

Gliding joint

Answer 14

between the tarsal bones and carpal bones
Usually flat or slightly curved bones,, slide across each other
Least amount of movement of all the synovial joints.
Used for bending of the wrist in a baseball hit

Question 15

Hinge joint

Answer 15

elbow or knee joint
The articular surfaces have been fused together so that movement is only permitted in one direction
The articular surfaces are joined by strong ligaments
Movement is only allowed in one plane (extension / flexion)
Extending the leg when striking a football to score a goal
Extending the arm when making a hit in boxing

Question 16

Hinge joint

Answer 16

elbow or knee joint
The articular surfaces have been fused together so that movement is only permitted in one direction
The articular surfaces are joined by strong ligaments
Movement is only allowed in one plane (extension / flexion)
Extending the leg when striking a football to score a goal
Extending the arm when making a hit in boxing

Question 17

Pivot joint

Answer 17

Radioulnar Joint
Bottom of the skull
Rounded surface of one bone rolls around a ring formed by bone and ligament
Heading a football

Question 18

Condyloid joint

Answer 18

Wrist joint
A ball shaped bone fits into a cup
Serving in tennis where the wrist is primarily used

Question 19

Saddle joint

Answer 19

The thumb
Saddle shaped bone fits into a bone shaped like the legs
can move up and down and side to side
Gripping a tennis racket

Question 20

Ball and socket

Answer 20

Shoulder joint
Hip joint
A sphere shaped bone fits into the rounded cavity of the other covered in cartilage to prevent friction
High range of movement
Movement coming from the hip in kicking a football

Question 21

Contractility

Answer 21

ability of muscle to shorten

Question 22

Extensibility

Answer 22

ability of muscle to lengthen

Question 23

Elasticity

Answer 23

ability of muscle to return to normal size

Question 24

Atrophy

Answer 24

the wasting away of muscle tissue

Question 25

Hypertrophy

Answer 25

the increase in size of muscle tissue

Question 26

Controlled by nerve stimuli

Answer 26

requires an impulse or recognition to initiate movement

Question 27

Fed by capillaries

Answer 27

blood will be redistributed to muscles when they are working and require more oxygen

Question 28

Skeletal muscle

Answer 28

Under voluntary control, has a striated appearance. Has tendons that attach mostly to bone. Main function of this type of muscle is to move the skeleton

Question 29

Cardiac muscle

Answer 29

Also known as heart muscle. Also striated but under involuntary control. Contracts without you having to think about it

Question 30

Smooth muscle

Answer 30

Lines the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines. Also involuntary.

Question 31

Origin

Answer 31

Origin is the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

Question 32

Insertion

Answer 32

Insertion is the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone