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GCSE Biology > Topic 1 - Key concepts in biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key concepts in biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are all living things made up of?

A

cells

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2
Q

what are eukaryotic cells like

A

complex and includes all plant and animal cells

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3
Q

define eukaryote

A

organism that are made up of eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

what are prokaryotic cells like

A

smaller and simpler e.g. bacteria

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5
Q

define prokaryote

A

is a prokaryotic cell (it is a single-celled organism)

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6
Q

define cytoplasm

A

jelly-like liquid that fills cell and contain enzymes where most of the cell’s reaction takes place

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7
Q

define cell membrane

A
  • surrounds all cells and are made of lipids
  • very thin, flexible and partially permeable
  • controls what can enter and leave the cell
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8
Q

define nucleus

A
  • contains genetic material DNA
  • controls cell’s activities by making enzymes and other proteins
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9
Q

define mitochondria

A
  • small sausage shaped organelles which contain enzymes for aerobic respiration
  • where aerobic respiration takes place
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10
Q

define flagellum

A
  • long protein strand that can rotate
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11
Q

define vacuole

A
  • large membrane sac containing dilute mineral solutions called cell sap
  • keeps plant cell firm or turgid
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12
Q

define cholorplast

A
  • contains green chlorophyll to absorb light energy
  • where photosynthesis takes place
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13
Q

define chromosomal DNA

A
  • circular DNA within cytoplasm not within the nucleus
  • controls the cell
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14
Q

define plasmid DNA

A
  • small loops of extra DNA that contains genes
  • offers resistance to certain drugs
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15
Q

define cell wall

A
  • strong, rigid wall made of cellulose in plants
  • fully permeable
  • supports the cell and strengthens it
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16
Q

define ribosomes

A
  • small and lots of them
  • place where proteins are made through translation
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17
Q

define specialised cells

A

made through a process called differentiation

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18
Q

define stem cells

A

cells that have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types

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19
Q

define magnification

A

how big an image is compared to the object size

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20
Q

define resolution

A

smallest separation at which two separate objects can be distinguished or resolved

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21
Q

what are the 2 types of microscopes?

A

light microscope
electron microscope

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22
Q

what are the limitations of light microscopes?

A
  • lower resolution
  • lower magnification
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23
Q

what are the benefits of light microscopes?

A
  • easier
  • cheaper
  • images can be viewed in colour
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24
Q

what are the benefits of an electron microscope?

A
  • higher resolution
  • higher magnification
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25
Q

what are the limitations of an electron microscope?

A
  • very large
  • cannot view live samples
  • images are viewed in black and white
  • expensive
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26
Q

what are the adaptations of red blood cells?

A
  • large surface area
  • no nucleus
  • contains haemoglobin
  • biconcave disc shape
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27
Q

why are red blood cells adapted to have no nucleus?

A

room for more oxygen that helps the body to be oxygenated

28
Q

why are red blood cells adapted to have a biconcave disc shape?

A

makes a larger surface area that helps carry oxygen for the lungs

29
Q

what are the adaptations of a nerve cell?

A
  • can have longer axon lengths
  • dendrites with receptor proteins
  • has a myelin seath
30
Q

why are nerve cells adapted to have longer axon lengths?

A

helps increase the speed of electrical impulses being close to each other

31
Q

why are nerve cells adapted to have dendrites with receptor proteins?

A

when receiving it after a synapse the receptors bind to the neurotransmitters to generate a new impulse

32
Q

why are nerve cells adapted to have a myelin sheath?

A

insulates the electrical impulses to make sure that it can go quicker

33
Q

what are the adaptations of a root hair cell?

A
  • hair like projections
  • lots of mitochondrion
  • large surface area
34
Q

why are root hair cells adapted to have hair like projections?

A

allows more active transport of mineral ions so the plant can have as much as possible

35
Q

why are root hair cells adapted to have lots of mitochondrion?

A

releases energy from glucose during respiration to provide energy for active transport

36
Q

why are root hair cells adapted to have large surface area?

A

take up water and mineral ions to increase the rate of absorption

37
Q

what are the adaptations of palisade cells?

A
  • column shaped and arranged closely together
  • packed with many chloroplasts
38
Q

why are palisade cells adapted to have many chloroplasts?

A

maximises the absorption of light for photosynthesis

39
Q

why are palisade cells adapted to be arranged closely together?

A

they are densely packed at the top of the leaf to access more sunlight

40
Q

what are the adaptations of muscle cells?

A
  • they have multiple nuclei
  • contains filament of proteins
41
Q

why are muscle cells adapted to contain lots of mitochondrion?

A

provides energy for contractions and responses

42
Q

define diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

43
Q

in which states can diffusion happen?

A

liquid
gas

44
Q

why can diffusion happen in liquid and gas?

A

because the particles are free to move about

45
Q

what is the criteria for diffusion thru membranes?

A

only very small molecules can diffuse thru the membrane, big molecules like starch and proteins can’t fit thru the membrane

46
Q

define osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a higher region of water to a lower one

47
Q

what directions do water molecules pass thru the membrane and why?

A

pass both ways, due to the random movement of them

48
Q

why does osmosis go from high to low?

A

due to more water molecules being on one side there is a steady flow of water into the region of fewer molecules

49
Q

define active transport

A

movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration

50
Q

what is the formula for surface area to volume ratio?

A

surface area / volume

50
Q

what does it mean if there is a bigger surface area to volume ratio?

A

the better it is at diffusing

51
Q

define enzyme

A

-biological catalyst
-made up of proteins in a 3D shape

52
Q

what 4 things is the effectiveness of an exchange surface increased by?

A

-large surface area
-efficient blood supply
-thin membrane to provide a short diffusion path
-ventilation

53
Q

what happens to an animal cell in an dilute solution?

A

net diffusion of water into the cell so the cell bursts

54
Q

what happens to an animal cell in an concentrated solution?

A

net diffusion of water out of the cell so the cell shrinks

55
Q

what happens to an plant cell in an dilute solution?

A

net diffusion of water into the cell so the cell becomes turgid

56
Q

what happens to an plant cell in an concentrated solution?

A

net diffusion of water out of the cell so cytoplasm shrinks out of cell wall and the cell plasmolysis

57
Q

what is the water concentration like in a dilute solution?

A

high

58
Q

what is the water concentration like in a concentrated solution?

A

low

59
Q

what 3 factors that can affect the rate of diffusion?

A

concentration
temperature
surface area

60
Q

why is there a rise in the rate of reaction of enzymes in high temps?

A

there are more successful collisions as molecules have more energy

61
Q

why is there a peak in the rate of reaction of enzymes at the optimum temp?

A

at this point they have the right amount of energy to collide and react

62
Q

why is there a fall in the rate of reaction of enzymes in high temps?

A

there is too much energy that the bonds break and the enzyme becomes denatured

63
Q

what does it mean when cell membranes are ‘partially permeable’?

A

small molecules can go thru them but big molecules cant

64
Q

describe a method for the osmosis practical with potatoes

A

-add 30 cm^2 water of sugar solution to a boiling tube
-repeat this with equal volumes of diff concentrations of sugar solution
-use water to give a concentration of 0.0
-cute potato bits of equal size
-weigh each piece and place one in each tube
-remove the pieces form the solutions after 24 hours
-dry each potato cylinder with a paper towel

65
Q
A

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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