Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GCSE Biology > paper 1 memorise > Flashcards

paper 1 memorise Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

To keep the cell turgid and supports the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

provides strength and prevents cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cell sap?

A

A weak solution of salts, sugars and organic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are plasmids?

A

small circular loops of DNA that can provide genetic advantages like drug resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe how egg cells are adapted to function

A
  • nutrients in cytoplasm to develop embryo
  • haploid nucleus
  • cell membrane hardens / changes after fertilisation to prevent other sperm from entering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

formula for total magnification?

A

eyepiece lens x objective lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is resolution

A

The smallest distance between 2 objects that can be distinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does light microscope work?

A

passes beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens allowing the sample to be observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are advantages of light microscope?

A

inexpensive, easy to use, portable, observe both dead and living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are disadvantages of light microscope?

A

Limited resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does electron microscope work?

A

uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light producing an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are 2 types of electron microscope?

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) scanning electron microscope (SEM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are advantages of electron microscope?

A

Greater magnification and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do electron microphone havw a greater magnification and resolution?

A

they use a beam of electrons which had a shorter wavelength than photons of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how have electron microscopes enables scientists to develop their understanding of cells?

A

allowed smaller sub cellular structures to be observed in detail. Enable scientist to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structures relates to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are disadvantages of electron microscope?

A

expensive, large so less portable, need training to use, only dead samples can be observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

Nucleus membrane breaks down, chromosomes become visible in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up at the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happened during anaphase?

A

chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cells by spindle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens during telophase

A

nucleus reappears and splits apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is mitosis used for

A

GRAA growth, repair, asexual reproduction, artificial cloning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does cancer happen?

A

uncontrolled cell division resulting in a tumour due to the cell cycle happening rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do animals grow

A

cell division and differntiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how do plants grow
cell division and differentiation and elongation
26
what are the advantages of sexual reproduction
genetically diverse population,
27
How does cell elongation happen?
cell expands and becomes bigger so plant grows
28
what are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
need to find a mate
29
what happens during interphase?
The cell grows and DNA is replicated and cell components are produced
30
31
what’s advantages of asexual reproduction
Genetically identical offspring, a rapid reproductive cycle
32
what disadvantage of sexual reproduction
Genetically identical offspring, it takes a long time
33
what are the risks of using STEM cells in medicine?
tumour development - stem cells divide very quickly, disease transmission- virus can live inside the donor cells making recipient I’ll, rejection - foreign body triggering immune response
34
what is the function of an embryonic stem cell
to difference into any type of cell in the body
35
what is the function of an adult stem cell
To differentiate into many types of cells
36
what the benefits/ uses of stem cells?
bone and spinal injury (growing new bone cells), organ failure (growing new organs/ parts of organs), treating Parkinson’s (growing new brain cells)
37
what is the function of the cerebrum
Language, intelligence, has 2 hemispheres
38
what is the function of the cerebellum
Muscle coordination and balance
39
what is the function of the medulla oblongata
unconscious activities like breathing
40
why is treating brain damage and disease difficult?
- it’s complex and delicate - can be easily damaged - drugs given to treat diseases cannot always reach the brain due to the blood brain barrier - not fully understood what part of the brain does what
41
why is it hard to treat Brain tumours?
they can be buried deep inside the brain making them difficult to remove
42
why is it difficult to treat spinal injuries?
- neurones don’t repair themselves and we don’t know how to repair nervous tissue in CNS - it’s not easy to access and hard to treat as some tumours cannot be surgically removed - may lead to permanent damage and risk of it being damaged further
43
what’s the function of the reflex arc?
to give a quick involuntary response to prevent further harm
44
what’s the function of the cornea?
Refracts light to focus image onto retina
45
what’s the function of the lens
adjusts focus for close or distant objects (accomodation)
46
what’s the function of the iris
ring of muscle thst controls the size of the pupil and therefore how much might enters the eye
47
what’s the function of rod cells
receptors for dim light and peripheral vision
48
what’s the function of come cells
receptors for detailed colour vision found in fovea
49
what is cataracts?
protein build up in the lens
50
what is long sighedness
when eyeball is too short so objects focus behind retina
51
what is short sightedness
when eyeball is too long so objects focus before retina
52
how to fix short sightedness
with concave lens
53
how to fix longsightedness
convex lens
54
how to fix cataracts
replace lens with artificial one
55
56
what does meiosis produce?
gametes, produces 4 cells that are genetically different, haploid
57
what is DNA made up of?
sugar, phosphate group, base (ATCG)
58
define genome
the entire DNA of an organism
59
define gene
a section of DNA molecule that codes for a specific protein
60
61
how to make sure that amino acids re brought to the ribosome in the correct order?
tRNA has anticodon which is complementary to the codon of the amino acid. The pairing of the codon and anticodon makes sure that they are brought in the correct order
62
63
define mutation
random changes in the sequence of DNA
64
how do genetic variants for non coding DNA affect phenotype?
affects ability of RNA polymerase to bind to it, it can be easier which leads to increased transcription and higher protein production or difficult which decreases transcription leading to lower protein levels
65
How do genetic variants in coding DNA affect phenotype
it alters the amino acid sequence of a protein by substitution, insertion, deletion, which alters the protein function as its active site would be changed so it’s activity decreases
66
define chromosome
Structure found in nucleus which is made up of a long strand of DNA
67
define gene
a short section of DNA that codes for a protein or characteristic
68
define allele
Different versions of the same gene
69
define dominant
a characteristic that is expressed regardless of the paired allele
70
define recessive
a characteristic that is only expressed if paired with an identical allele
71
define homozygous
Both alleles for a particular characteristic are identical
72
define heterozygous
the alleles for a characteristic are different
73
define genotype
The genes and allele which determine the characteristics of an organism
74
Define phenotype
The physical expression of characteristics in an organism
75
define gamete
A sex cell, in humans egg and sperm, that are haploid
76
define zygote
stage of development immediately after fertilisation where a diploid cell is formed from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes
77
what are phenotypic features a result of?
multiple genes rather than a single gene inheritance
78
what do most genetic mutations affect
have no effect on phenotype, some havw small effect on phenotype rarely it will have a significant effect
79
define health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
80
what is a communicable disease?
a disease that can be passed from person to person
81
define a pathogen
a disease causing organism e.g. virus, bacteria, fungi, protist
82
what is the test for starch?
add iodine, colour change from orange to blue-black
83
what is the test for reducing sugars?
add benedict's solution and mix, place in water bath at 95 degrees for a few mins, colour change from blue to orange, green, red
84
what is the test for proteins?
add biuret solution and mix colour change from blue to purple
85
what is the test for lipids?
add ethanol and shake, add water to the mixture, if the water is cloudy due to milky white emulsion then lipids are present

GCSE Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions