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RHS Level 2 Principles of Plant Growth & Development > Topic 1 Element 3 - External Functions of Plant Organs > Flashcards

Topic 1 Element 3 - External Functions of Plant Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary functions of the root?

A
  • provide anchorage
  • enable uptake of water and minerals
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2
Q

What are the 2 root types?

A
  • fiberous
  • tap root
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3
Q

What are the external structures of the root?

A
  • root hair
  • epidermis
  • root cap
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4
Q

What is the root hair?

A
  • small hairs on the root epidermis
  • increases surface area for water uptake
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5
Q

What is the root epidermis?

A
  • outer layer of root cells
  • provides protection to root
  • enables water uptake
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6
Q

What is the root cap?

A

Tip of the root that exudes gel to enable the root to penetrate soils. It is continually replaced as it’s worn away.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the plant stem?

A
  • support leaves and flowers in their optimum positions
  • to enable transport of water, sugars and nutrients through the plant between root and leaves
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8
Q

What are thorns?

A

Thorns are modified branches growing from axillary buds, for protection agains herbivores.

Example: Crataegus monogyna

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9
Q

What are prickles?

A

Prickles are specialised outgrowths from the epidermis.

Example: Rosa glauca

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10
Q

What are twining stems?

A

Twining stems are stems that wind around their supports to climb.

Example: Wisteria sinensis

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11
Q

What are Stolons?

A

Stolons are runners from a plant that enable plants to naturally layer.

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12
Q

What are Rhizomes?

A

A rhizome is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upward.

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13
Q

What is a Stem Tuber?

A

Stem tubers, or true tubers, are bulbous modified stems that grow underground. The tuber grows underground to store nutrients for survival and reproduction through the winter for future growing seasons.

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14
Q

What are the external structures of a stem?

A
  • Nodes
  • Internode
  • Apical Bud
  • Axillary Bud
  • Lenticel
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15
Q

What is an Axillary bud?

A

Axillary buds produce sideshoots or flowers.

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16
Q

What is an Apical bud?

A

The primary growing point located at the apex (tip) of the stem.

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17
Q

What is a Lenticel?

A

Breathing pores in the stem.

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18
Q

What is a node?

A

It is a site of great cellular activity and growth. It is here that small buds develop into leaves, stems or flowers.

19
Q

What is an Internode?

A

The gap between the nodes.

20
Q

What are the external structures of a leaf?

A
  • Lamina
  • Veins
  • Margin
  • Midrib
  • Petiole
21
Q

What is the primary leaf function?

A

Photosynthesis

22
Q

What is the Petiole of a leaf?

A

The stalk connecting the leaf to the stem.

23
Q

What is the Midrib of a leaf?

A

The main vein from which others branch.

24
Q

What are the veins of a leaf?

A

The veins are the vascular tissue of the leaf.

25
Q

What is the Lamina of the leaf?

A

The lamina is the whole blade of the leaf.

26
Q

What is the Margin of the leaf?

A

The edge of the leaf.

27
Q

What are the leaf adaptations?

A
  • Bulbs
  • Fleshy leaves
  • Spines
28
Q

What is the reason for fleshy leaves?

A
  • water storage
  • waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
29
Q

What is the reason for Spines?

A

Spines are modified leaf hairs to protect plants agains herbivores.

30
Q

What are Bulbs?

A

Bulbs are made up of modified leaves (scale leaves). These leaves store food reserves to sustain the bulb through dormancy.

31
Q

What are the 3 leaf adaptations?

A
  • Tendrils
  • Twining Petioles
  • Bracts
32
Q

What are Tendrils?

A

Slender extentions of leaves to enable climbing by wrapping.

33
Q

What are Twining Petioles?

A

Enabling plants to climb by wrapping their petioles around a support.

34
Q

What are Bracts?

A

Bracts are modified leaves, normally in distinctive colours. They are used to attract pollinators to the normally small flowers within.

35
Q

What is a Sepal?

A

Normally green outer parts of a flower. Which protect the rising flower buds and supporting the petals when in bloom.

36
Q

What is the Stamen?

A
  • male reproductive parts of flower
  • made up of the anther & filament
  • filament supports the anther
  • anther bears the pollen grains
37
Q

What is the Pistil?

A
  • female reproductive parts of flower
  • made up of stigma, style, Carpel
  • stigma has a sticky surface to catch pollen grains
  • Style is the tube from the stigma into the ovule
  • the Carpel contains the ovules
38
Q

What is the Perianth?

A

structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs
Corolla: Petals
Calyx: Sepals

39
Q

What is a Nectary?

A

Specialized nectar-producing structures of the flower, below the ovaries

40
Q

What is the Pedicel?

A

The area that attaches the flower to the stem or peduncle.

41
Q

What are Monoecious plants?

A

Plants that have seperate male and female flowers on the same plant.

42
Q

What are Dioecious plants?

A

Only have male flowers on some plants and female flowers on another.

43
Q

What is Inflorescence?

A

The term for a group of flowers, multiple florets arranged on a stem.

44
Q

Types of Inflorescence

A
  • Spike
  • Raceme
  • Corymb
  • Panicle
  • Umbel
  • Cyme

RHS Level 2 Principles of Plant Growth & Development (11 decks)

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