Topic 1 - Dynamic Develoment - Zambia Flashcards
what is development
an improvement of a countries quality or living
what are the variations of levels of development and a discription with examples
- LIDC’s: poorest countries, GNI per capita is low and most people have a low standard of living
examples: Mongolia, Madagascar, Indonesia - EDC’s: countries getting richer as their econmy is progressing from the primary industry to the secondry industry
examples: Russia, South africa and Brazil - AC’s: wealthy countries with a high GNI per capita and standards of living
examples: Englans, Spain, Australia
how are human affecting development
- Politics: aid can help some countries develop key services and infranstructure faster, can improve projects such as schools, hospitals and roads
- Trade: countries that export more than they import have trade surplus, this can improve the national econmy
- Education: creates a skilled workforce meaning more goods and services are produced
- Health: lack of clean water and poor healthcare means a large number of people suffer from diseases
- Aid: the stability of the government can affect the countrys ability to trade
- History: countries that went through industrialisation have now developed further
what are consiquences of uneven development
- wealth: people in more developed countries have higher incomes than less developed countries
- Health: better healthcare means people live longer in developed countries than those in less developed countries
- Education: more developed countries have better standards of education avaliable than those in less developed countries
what are the 5 stages of economic development
- Traditional society (e.g farming, fishing, little trade)
- Preconditions for take-off (manufacturing starts to develop with better infranstruture)
- Take-off: rapid growth with large-scale industrialisation
- Drive to maturity: econmy grows so people get wealthier and have higher stands of living
- Mass Consumptions: lots of trade with a high level of consumption
what are physical factors affecting development
natural resources: fuel sources like oil, minerals, access to safe water, availability for timber
natural hazards: risk of tectonic hazards, benefits from volcanic material and floodwater,
climate: climate attracts tourists, reliability of rainfall to help farming, extreme climates limit industry and affects health
location/terrain: landlocked countries may find trade difficult, mountainous terrain makes farming difficult, attractive scenery attracts tourists
where is uneven development globally
mostly located in AC’s like Europe, North America and Oceania.
how can you measure development
Eonomic:
- Emploment type
- GDP
- GNI
social:
- infant mortality
- literacy rate
- life expectancy
mixed indicators:
- human development index (HDI)
case study: LIDC Zambia
location and backround:
Zambia is an LIDC in africa, landlocked and has a population of 18.3million
current level of development:
- GNI per capita = £3,360
- high birth rate slow death rates
- country exports slightly more than it imports
- country is reliant on copper
low life expectancy = 63.8 years
what is top down
- large scaled
- government led and expesive schemes
- little community involvement
what is bottom up
- small scaled
- local led and less expensive schemes
- involve communities and charities developing local buisnessed and housing
what is short term
- aid given to help countries to copw with emergencies such as natural disasters
- dosent last for a long time
what is long term
- aid given over a long period of time
- helps countries develop through investing in projects such as education and healthcare
what is trade
- fair trade allows fair wages
- also helps grouping with other countries in the form of trading blocs can increase link and increase econmy
what is debt relief
- wealthier countries can cut or partly cut debt to countries that have borrowed money
- allows money to be reinvested in development
what are the negatives of aid
- local people might not always get a say
- some aid can be tied under condition from donor country
what are the positives of aid
- allows for immediate or long-term investment into projects that can help develop a country
what are some political influences upon Zambias development
political:
- gained inderpendence in 1964
- high levels of debt
- corruption is the past has hampered developmnt
- recent election and new president hopes to end corruption
what are some social influences upon zambias development
- high rates of child mortality
- more gender equality is being seen in primary education
what are some physical influences upon zambias development
- the country has abundant natural resources, especially copper
- drought affected areas had caused over-farming and desertification
- mining has a detrimental impact on the enviroment
what are some economic influences upon zambias development
- heavy reliance on copper and mining and other primary industries in relation to GDP
- major investtment from China and TNC’s have helpes develop zambias econmy
what is zambias Rostows model
- zambia has improved education and healthcare to investments from TNC’s
- as a result zambia is at stage 3 (take-off)
what is th millennium development goals
- set up by the UN to set targets to reduce poverty
- positives: zambia is on track with primary education, gender equality in primary education, HIV/aids rate falling and debt relief
negatives: child mortality, meternal health, forest loss and sanitation are still issues
positives and negatives for investment from TNC
A range of TNC’s such as ABF are now operating in zambia at a primary, secondry and tertiary level
positives:
- investment in infranstructure is increasing tourism
- increase employment levels and people recieve fair wages
negatives:
- some TNC pay low salaries and working conditions are poor
- TNC’s have been accused of tax aviodance
