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Biology > Topic 1- Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1- Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

difference between prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? 4

A

prokaryotic cell has no nucleus
Prokaryote is simpler/ smaller

eukaryotic, nucleus with genetic material

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2
Q

Magnification equation

A

Image size/actual size

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3
Q

What do both plant and animal have (5)

A 
nucleus
cytoplasm 
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
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4
Q

What is additional in plant cell (3)

A

chloroplasts
permanent vacuole
cell wall

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5
Q

What is a plasmid?2

A

a circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

Carry genes that provide genetic advantages
e.g. antibiotic resistance.

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6
Q

Nucleus function 2

A

genetic material

control cellular activities

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7
Q

Structure and function of cyptolasm 3

A

fluid of the cell contains enzymes and nutrients

Chemical reactions take place transport medium

Site of cellular reactions e.g. first stage of respiration

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8
Q

Function of cell membrane 1

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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9
Q

Function of mitchondria2

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced.

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10
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order for protein synthesis

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11
Q

function and Vacuole contains 3

A

contains cell sap
supports cell,
maintaining turgidity

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12
Q

cell wall function 3

A

made of cellulose
strengthens the cell

Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis.

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13
Q

chloroplasts function 2

A

where photosynthesis occurs. they make the food for the plant

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14
Q

Sperm cells adapted and function 4

A

Haploid nucleus contains genetic information

streamlined head and long tail (swim to egg)

mitochondria provide energy needed for tail movement

Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.

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15
Q

Muscle cells adapted and function 2

A

contraction- long so they have space to contract

Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction.

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16
Q

Root hair cell function and adaption 2

A

absorbing water and minerals- big surface area

Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil.

● Thin walls that do not restrict water absorption.

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17
Q

Nerve cells adapted and function 2

A

rapid signalling- long, branched connections

Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system.

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18
Q

Xylem adaptations and function 3

A

transporting water

Thick woody side walls- strengthen structure prevent collapse

long, hollow- route for water to flow

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19
Q

Phloem adaptations and function 4

A

transport food

  • sieve plates- dissolved sugars/ amino acids transported up and down
  • companion cells provide energy for active transport
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20
Q

Importance of cell differentiation

A

a process where cells become specialized specific to function in the body

Allows production of different tissues and
organs that perform various vital functions in the human body.

21
Q

what is the purpose of cell division in mature animals

A

repair and replacement of cells

22
Q

differences between electron and light microscope 3

A
  • electron microscope has higher magnification and resolution
  • beam of light, beam of electrons
  • electrons have shorter wave length=higher resolution
23
Q

how electron microscopy has increased understanding of sub-cellular structures 2

A

used to study cells in much finer detail enabled to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures

Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function

24
Q

define resolution

A

smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

25
Q

how do bacteria multiply

A

binary fission

26
Q

2 ways bacteria can be grown

A

nutrient broth solution

colonies in a agar gel plate

27
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of particles from an

area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

28
Q

three main factors affect the rate of

diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient - larger gradient, faster
diffusion.

Temperature - higher temperature, faster diffusion

Surface area - larger surface area, faster diffusion.

29
Q

substances transported by diffusion in

the lungs and the kidney 2

A

Lungs:
oxygen diffuses into blood from the lungs
carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs from the blood, both down their concentration gradient.
Kidney:
urea diffuses from cells into blood plasma so it can be excreted in urine

30
Q

How are single-celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

A

have a large surface area to volume
ratio maximises the rate of diffusion of
molecules to meet the organism’s needs

31
Q

What four factors increase the effectiveness of a gas exchange surface? 4

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane (short diffusion path)
Efficient blood supply (animals)
Ventilation (animals)

32
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution
through a partially permeable membrane.

33
Q

What is meant when a solution is isotonic and hypertonic, hypotonic to a cell?3

A

iso-concentration of sugar in the external solution is the same as the internal

hyper-concentration of sugar in external solution is higher then the internal

hypo-concentration of sugar in external is lower than the internal

34
Q

What may happen when an animal cell is placed in a very hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell, causing it to burst

35
Q

What may happen when an animal cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrivel up

36
Q

Osmosis in plants 3

A

If the external solution is more dilute, water will move into the cell and into the
vacuole, causing it to swell,

causing turgor keeping
the leaves and stems of plants rigid).

if the external solution is less dilute, water will move out of the cell and they will
become soft. Eventually the cell membrane will move away from the cell wall (called
plasmolysis) and it will die.

37
Q

What is active transport?2

A

movement of molecules from a more
dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration.

38
Q

How do plant root hair cells use active transport2

A

take up mineral ions from a more dilute solution in soils.
Ions magnesium and nitrates
are required for healthy growth

39
Q

How is active transport used to absorb the

products of digestion?2

A

to transport glucose from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher
concentration in the blood.

Glucose is then
transported to the tissues where it can be used in respiration

40
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic

cell?3

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:
● Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)
● Plasmid DNA

41
Q

At what point in their life cycle do most animal cells

differentiate?

A

Early in their life cycle

42
Q

For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate?

A

Throughout their entire life cycle

43
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes? (4)

A

● Inexpensive
● Easy to use
● Portable
● Observe both dead and living specimens

44
Q

Name the two types of electron microscope

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

45
Q

What is the advantage of electron

microscopes?

A

Greater magnification and resolution.

46
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater

magnification and resolution?

A

They use a beam of electrons which has
a shorter wavelength than photons of
light.

47
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron

microscopes? (4)

A

● Expensive
● Large so less portable
● Require training to use
● Only dead specimens can be observed

48
Q

How do plant leaves and stems remain rigid?

A

Turgor pressure - water moves in by osmosis, causing the vacuole to swell and the cytoplasm to press against the cell wall.

49
Q

What may happen when a plant cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis and the vacuole and cytoplasm decrease in size. The cell membrane may pull away from the cell wall, causing the cell to become plasmolysed.

Biology (11 decks)

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