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Biology > P1-Topic 3-Infection and response 2022 > Flashcards

P1-Topic 3-Infection and response 2022 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen which can be passed between animals or plants eg. flu.

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing microorganism e.g.

bacteria.

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3
Q

How do bacteria cause disease? 2

A

Once inside the body, they divide rapidly by binary fission.

They kill cells and produce harmful toxins.

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4
Q

How do viruses cause disease? 3

A

They invade and reproduce inside living
body cells, leading to cell damage

The damage and the destruction of the cells makes the individual feel ill

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5
Q

how diseases caused by protists spread in animals and plants. 2

A

Some are parasitic, meaning they use humans and animals as their hosts
(live on and inside, causing damage)

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6
Q

how diseases caused by fungi spread in animals and plants. 2

A

They can either be single celled or have a body made of hyphae (thread-like
structures)
● They can produce spores which can be spread to other organisms

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7
Q

Give three ways in which pathogens can be spread

3

A

By air - flu, tuberculosis and the common cold are spread by droplet infection.

● By water - fungal spores in water spread plant diseases.

● By direct contact - common in plant diseases and sexually transmitted infections.

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8
Q

Give four ways in which the spread of pathogens can be reduced 4

A

● Hygiene - handwashing, disinfectants, tissues.
● Reducing contact with infected individuals - quarantine.
● Removing vectors - use of pesticides and insecticides, removal of habitats.
● Vaccination

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9
Q

Why is it especially important to prevent the spread of viral diseases?

A

Scientists have not yet developed cures for many viral diseases.

measels, rubella, chicken pox

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10
Q

What is measles?How is measles spread?

3

A

serious viral disease that can cause blindness and brain damage.

main symptoms are a fever and a red skin
rash.

By air - through the inhalation of droplets
from coughs and sneezes

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11
Q

What is HIV/AIDS? 3

A

HIV is a virus which attacks and damages the immune system until it can no longer function properly.

AIDS is the condition resulting from a
long-term HIV infection. There is no cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS

Direct sexual contact and the exchange
of bodily fluids eg. blood, breastmilk

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12
Q

How can the spread of HIV/AIDS be prevented? 5

A 
● Use of condoms
● Screening of blood for transfusions
● Not sharing needles
● Bottle-feeding by HIV-positive mothers
● Use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent the development of AIDS
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13
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?3

A

-plant pathogen which causes leaf discolouration when cells are damaged.

Affected areas cannot photosynthesise, reducing the crop yield

no treatment, farmers grow TMV-resistant crop strains to avoid infection

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14
Q

How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?2

A

Contact between infected and healthy plants

Insects may act as vectors which transfer the virus between different plants.

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15
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria found in raw meat, poultry and eggs.

If they enter the body via food
poisoning, they can affect natural gut
bacteria

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning? 4

A 
● Fever
● Abdominal cramping
● Vomiting
● Diarrhoea
May be fatal in very young or elderly populations due the
risk of dehydration.
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17
Q

How can the spread of salmonella be limited? 3

A

● Vaccinating animals intended for consumption
● Keep raw meat away from cooked meat
● Disinfect hands and surfaces after contact with raw meat
● Thoroughly cook meat

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18
Q

What is gonorrhoea?3

symptoms and treatment

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by unprotected sex with an infected individual.

Early symptoms: yellow/green discharge from genitals and painful urination, although it may be symptomless.

Its spread can be controlled through the use of antibiotics (no longer penicillin as many strains are resistant) and using
condoms

19
Q

What is rose black spot?2

A

A fungal disease which causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves.

It reduces the area of the leaf which is available for photosynthesis and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop prematurely

20
Q

How is the rose black spot fungus spread?

How can the rose black spot fungus be treated? 2

A

-Fungal spores are spread by the wind
and in water

-● Using fungicides
● Destroying infected leaves

21
Q

What is malaria? and symptoms 3

A

disease caused by protist pathogens

disease is carried from host to host by
mosquitoes, and the protists enter the human bloodstream when they feed.

Symptoms include fever and shaking, and it may also be fatal in some cases

22
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

4

A

● Using insecticides
● Using insect nets to avoid bites
● Prevent mosquito breeding by removing stagnant water
● Antimalarial drugs

23
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body? 4

A

● Acts as a physical barrier.
● Scab formation after skin is cut/wounded.
● Antimicrobial secretions which can kill pathogens.
● Healthy skin flora compete with pathogens and act as an additional barrier

24
Q

How does the respiratory system prevent pathogens from entering the body?
(nose, trachea and bronchi) 3

A

● Nose - has hairs and mucus which trap
pathogens.

● Trachea and bronchi - have mucus that traps pathogens. Ciliated cells move mucus to the mouth so it can be swallowed.

25
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens infecting the body?

A

● Secretes hydrochloric acid - kills any pathogens present.

26
Q

how does the immune system use white blood cells to destroy pathogens

A
  • phagocytosis
  • antibody production
  • antitoxin production
27
Q

How does phagocytosis protect us against disease?

A

White blood cells (phagocytes) ingest and destroy pathogens so they cannot infect more cells.

28
Q

How does antibody production protect us against disease? 4

A

White blood cells produce antibodies which are complementary to a specific antigen on a pathogen.

The binding of antibodies to antigens causes pathogens to clump together, making them easier to destroy.

In the case of a second infection, the correct antibodies can be produced rapidly,

preventing the person getting the same disease again

29
Q

How does antitoxin production protect us

against disease?

A

Antitoxins bind to toxins released by pathogens and neutralise them

30
Q

What is a vaccination?2

A

Contains a dead or inactivated form of the pathogen which stimulates white blood cells to produce complementary antibodies to the pathogen

In the case of a second infection, memory cells can rapidly produce the correct antibodies and prevent illness

31
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If a sufficiently high proportion of a population are immune to a disease (especially through vaccination), the spread of this disease will be limited

32
Q

What are the advantages of vaccinations?3

A

● They have eradicated many deadly diseases eg. smallpox.
● Many epidemics can be prevented by
vaccinations.
● Herd immunity protects those who cannot have vaccinations

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?2

A

● Not guaranteed to work - might not protect against multiple strains of a pathogen.
● May be side effects or adverse reactions

34
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)?2

A

● Antibodies that are clones from one
parent cell
● Specific to one type of antigen

35
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced?5

A
  1. Specific antigen injected into an animal (e.g. mouse).
  2. B-lymphocytes producing complementary antibodies extracted.
  3. B-lymphocytes fuse with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells - these cells can divide and produce antibody.
  4. Hybridoma cells cultured.
  5. Monoclonal antibodies collected and purified
36
Q

Outline the uses of monoclonal

antibodies

A

● Detection of pathogens
● Location of cancer cells and blood clots
● Treatment of cancer
● Used in pregnancy test kits

37
Q

What are myeloma cells?

A

Type of tumour cell

38
Q

What does a pregnancy test consist of? 3

A

A stick containing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to hCG:
● mAbs attached to a blue bead (free to move)
● mAbs fixed to the test stick

39
Q

Describe what happens to the test stick if a woman is pregnant and of not pregnant 4

A 
● hCG in urine binds to mAbs attached to
a blue bead.
● mAbs with hCG diffuse up dipstick.
● mAbs fixed to the stick bind to hCG.
● Blue line forms
-No hCG in urine so a blue line is not
formed.
40
Q

Describe what happens to the test stick if a woman is pregnant and of not pregnant 4

A 
● hCG in urine binds to mAbs attached to a blue bead.
● mAbs with hCG diffuse up dipstick.
● mAbs fixed to the stick bind to hCG.
● Blue line forms
-No hCG in urine so a blue line is not
formed.
41
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies can

be used to diagnose cancer4

A

● mAbs tagged to a radioactive substance.
● mAbs injected into the patient’s bloodstream.
● mAbs bind to ‘tumour markers’ on cancer cells.
● Emitted radiation is detected using a specialised scanner enabling doctors to determine the location of cancer cells

42
Q

Why are cancer treatments that use monoclonal antibodies favoured over traditional treatments?3

A

● Radiotherapy and chemotherapy target rapidly dividing cells.
● Healthy cells (e.g. hair follicle cells, bone marrow cells) are damaged as a consequence, producing unpleasant side
effects.
● mAbs only target cancer cells, reducing damage to normal cells.

43
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate blood clots?3

A

● mAbs tagged to a radioactive substance.
● mAbs target and bind to specific proteins in blood clots.
● Radiation emitted by mAbs is detected, enabling the location of blood clots to be identified

44
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to target drugs to cancer cells?4

A

● mAbs attached to an anti-cancer drug.
● mAbs injected into the patient’s bloodstream.
● mAbs bind to ‘tumour markers’ on cancer cells.
● Anti-cancer drug destroys cancer cells.

Biology (11 decks)

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