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Biology > paper 1 mock biology > Flashcards

paper 1 mock biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnification equation

A

Image size/actual size

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2
Q

What do both plant and animal have (5)

A 
nucleus
cytoplasm 
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
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3
Q

What is additional in plant cell (3)

A

chloroplasts
permanent vacuole
cell wall

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4
Q

Nucleus function

A

genetic material

control cellular activities

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5
Q

Structure and function of cyptolasm 2

A

fluid of the cell
contains enzymes and nutrients

Chemical reactions take place
transport medium

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6
Q

Function of cell membrane 1

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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7
Q

Function of mitchondria2

A

to help with aerobic respiration

ATP produced

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8
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order for protein synthesis

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9
Q

function and Vacuole contains 3

A

contains cell sap
supports cell,
maintaining turgidity

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10
Q

cell wall function 2

A

made of cellulose

strengthens the cell

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11
Q

chloroplasts function

A

where photosynthesis occurs. they make the food for the plant

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12
Q

Sperm cells adapted and function 4

A

reproduction
nucleus genetic info
streamlined head and long tail (swim to egg)
mitochondria provide energy needed

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13
Q

Muscle cells adapted and function

A

contraction- long so they have space to contract

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14
Q

Root hair cell function and adaption

A

absorbing water and minerals- big surface area

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15
Q

Nerve cells adapted and function

A

rapid signalling- long, branched connections

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16
Q

Xylem adaptations and function 3

A

transporting water
Thick woody side walls- strengthen structure prevent collapse
long, hollow- route for water to flow

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17
Q

Phloem adaptations and function 4

A

transport food

  • sieve plates- dissolved sugars/ amino acids transported up and down
  • cells provide energy for active transport
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18
Q

Importance of cell differentiation

A

a process where cells become specialized

specific to function in the body

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19
Q

difference between prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? 2

A

prokaryotic cell has no nucleus

Prokaryote is simpler

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20
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

differences between electron and light microscope

A
  • electron microscope has higher magnification and resolution
  • beam of light, beam of electrons
  • electrons have shorter wave length=higher resolution
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22
Q

how electron microscopy has increased understanding of sub-cellular structures

A

used to study cells in much finer detail

enabled to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures

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23
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

A disease caused by a pathogen

passesd between animals or plants

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24
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes disease (bacteria)

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25
Q

how does bacteria cause disease 2

A

when inside body, divide rapidly, binary fission

kills cells and produce harmful toxins

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26
Q

how does viruses cause diseases

A

invade and reproduce inside living body cells, leading to cell damage

27
Q

three ways pathogens can be spread

A

by air- (flu, tuberculosis)

  • water- fungal spores in water (plant)
  • direct contact (SexuallyTI, plant diseases
28
Q

four ways spread of pathogens can be reduced

A
  • hygiene- hand washing, disinfectants, tissues
  • reducing contact with infected individuals- quarantine
  • removing vectors- pesticides, insecticides removal of habitats
  • vaccination
29
Q

What is a viral disease 3

A

Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

30
Q

bacterial disease 2

A

salmonella

gonorrhea

31
Q

fungal disease 1

A

rose black spot

32
Q

protist disease 1

A

pathogens that cause malaria

33
Q

what is a non-communicable disease

2

A

cannot be spread between people or animals and people

asthma chd, cancer

34
Q

what are risk factors linked to an increased rate of disease 2

A
  • aspects of a person’s lifestyle

* substances in the person’s body or environment.

35
Q

Risk factors detail like diet

A

diet, smoking, exercise- cardiovascular disease

obesity- type 2 diabetes

alcohol- effect liver brain function

smoking/ alcohol on unborn babies

ionizing radiation - cancer

36
Q

how human defense system protect the body against pathogens 2

A

blood clots to seal cuts

kills microbes that enter

37
Q

how the skin, nose, trachea and bronchi and stomach protect against pathogens

A

skin acts a barrier, secretes sebum that kills pathogens

nose hair and mucus trap particles

t&bronchi secrete mucus traps pathogens, cilla bring back up

Stomach produces HCL kills pathogens that make it past mouth

38
Q

how white blood cells help to defend against pathogens

3

A
  • phagocytosis -engulf foreign cells and digest them
  • antibody (lymphocytes) production- lock onto cells so found/destroyed
  • antitoxin production-counteract toxins by invading bacteria
39
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

carbon dioxide + water light ->
glucose + oxygen

CO2+ H2O -> O2+ C6H12O6

40
Q

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

2

A

endothermic
reaction
energy is transferred from the environment to the
chloroplasts by light.

41
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis 3

A

not enough light
too little carbon dioxide
temperature

42
Q

movement of water in plants transpiration 2

A

xylem carry water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves
hallow tubes with ligin

43
Q

transpiration 3

A

loss of water in a plant

evaporation and diffusion

more water inside plant than in air outside, water escapes by stomata diffusion

44
Q

how heart pumps blood 2

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where
gas exchange takes place

The left ventricle pumps blood around the
rest of the body.

45
Q

how lungs are adapted for gas exchange 5

A

alveoli- surrounded by capillaries

enormous surface area
moist lining
very thin walls
good blood supply

46
Q

what are the three different blood vessels 3

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

47
Q

how these blood vessels are adapted 3

A

arteries- carry away, stong, elastic thick walls, high pressure

veins- to, low pressure, thin walls

capillaries- 1 cell thick increasing rate of diffusion by decreasing distance ,permeable walls(diffuse in and out)

48
Q

Evaluate use of replacement biological valves

for and against at least 2 from each

A

from humans or animals ,pigs
more cell respiration
works well
patient does not need any medication

only last around 15yrs
ethical and religious arguments
danger of surgery
infection surgery
clots may cause strokes
49
Q

Evaluate use of replacement mechanical valves

for and against at least 2 from each

A

man made
more cell respiration
last for a long time
increases quality of life

needs medication to stop blood clotting
medicine could have bad side effects
danger of surgery
infection surgery
clots may cause stroke
50
Q

what is type 1 diabetes and how do you treat it 3

A

the pancreas fails to produce
sufficient insulin

uncontrolled high blood glucose
levels

treated with insulin injections.

51
Q

what is type 2 diabetes and how do you treat it 3

A

the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced
by the pancreas.

A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime
are common treatments

Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.

52
Q

regeneration of tissue, types of tissue 3

A

by stem cells ?
muscular- contracts
glandular- makes and secretes chemicals
epithelial- covers some parts of the body

53
Q

how monoclonal antibodies are produced (4)

4

A
  • inject the protein into mouse
  • combine lymphocytes with tumour cell to make hybridoma cells
  • find a hybridoma cell that makes (mab) specific
  • hybridoma cells cloned to produce many cells, to make antibody
54
Q

uses of monoclonal antibodies

3

A

-for diagnosis in pregnancy tests
• in laboratories to measure the levels of hormones, to detect pathogens

• in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue
by binding to them with a fluorescent dye

• to treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be
bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which
stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the
cancer cells without harming other cells in the body

55
Q

monoclonal antibodody for pregnancy test (6)

A

-urine passes through reaction zone
-HCG hormone binds to mobile HCG antibody
-HCG hormone binds to immobilised HCG
antibodies in the result zone
-antibodies that do not attach to HCG bind to antibodies in control zone
-blue dye appears in both control and result zone + result

56
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

57
Q

what are enzymes 3

lock and key

A

specific

substrate fits perfectly into active site then products split

58
Q

what are digestive enzymes 2

A

convert food into small soluble molecules that can be

absorbed into the bloodstream.

59
Q

what are carbohydrases and found

3

A

salivary gland,pancreas,small intestine

carbohydrates to simple sugars.
Amylase is
a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.

60
Q

what are proteases and found

3

A

stomach,pancreas,small intestine

Proteases break down proteins to amino acids.

61
Q

what are are lipases and found

3

A

small intestine,pancreas

Lipases break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids.

62
Q

two ways bile helps the body to digest fats

3

A
  • makes conditions alkaline so lipase can work

- emulsifies fat, to give larger surface area for lipase action

63
Q

what are the three main stages in drug testing

3

A

-drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in a lab#

-preclinical testing to test on live animals, to test efficacy
find toxicity and best dosage

-if the drug passes the test on animals it is tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
healthy, then illness, randomly with placebo (blind trials)

64
Q

how the small intestine is adapted for absorption (6)

3

A
  • very long, large surface area
  • villi, increases surface area
  • on the surface have microvilli
  • good blood supply, rapidly removes products, increasing concentration gradient
  • thin membrane , short diffusion path
  • those not absorbed are absorbed by active transport

Biology (11 decks)

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