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Biology > P1-Topic 2- Organisation > Flashcards

P1-Topic 2- Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients

obtained from digestion.

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2
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary
gland in the digestive system?
2

A

The pancreas and the salivary gland are glands
which produce digestive juices containing
enzymes

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3
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?2

A

Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any bacteria present and provides the optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function

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4
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the

digestive system?

A

where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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5
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?3

A

Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder)

which emulsifies lipids

allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently

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6
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food,

producing faeces

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7
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?2

A

act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions (the
breakdown of food) without being used up.

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8
Q

How does the shape of an enzyme affect its function?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site which is

complementary to their substrate.

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or an organism.

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10
Q

What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes

catalyse?3

A

● Building larger molecules from smaller molecules eg.
glucose to starch.
● Changing one molecule to another eg. glucose to
fructose.
● Breaking down larger molecules into smaller
molecules eg. carbohydrates to glucose.

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11
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?3

A

The shape of the enzyme active site and the
substrate are complementary, so can bind
together to form an enzyme-substrate complex.

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12
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme action?3

A

Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action,

as molecules have a higher kinetic energy.

Above a certain temperature, the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes
denatured,

so it can no longer catalyse the reaction. The
optimum temperature is around 37°

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13
Q

How does pH affect enzyme function?2

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7 (apart
from proteases in the stomach).

If the pH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work.

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14
Q

Where are carbohydrases, proteases and lipases

produced in the body? 3

A 
● Carbohydrases: amylase - salivary gland and
pancreas; maltase - small intestine.
● Proteases: pepsin - stomach; others -
pancreas and small intestine.
● Lipases: pancreas and small intestine
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15
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases in the digestive system?

2

A

break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down starch.

Amylase breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose

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16
Q

What is the role of proteases in the digestive system?

A

Proteases break down proteins into amino

acids.

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17
Q

What is the role of lipases in the digestive system?

A

Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids

and glycerol

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18
Q

How are the products of digestion used?2

A

The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins.

Some glucose is used in respiration

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19
Q

Where is bile made and stored in the body?

A

Bile is made by the liver and stored in the

gallbladder

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20
Q

What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

A

● alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach.

  • Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets - this
    increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on
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21
Q

equation for the rate of reaction

A

rate= change/time

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen and other useful
substances to bodily tissues, and
removes waste substances

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23
Q

How does the double circulatory system

work?2

A

-right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where
gas exchange takes of of
oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

-left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.

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24
Q

Why is the double circulatory system important?2

A

It makes the circulatory system more efficient

  • for example, oxygenated blood can be pumped around the body at a
    higher pressure by the left ventricle.
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25
Q

What are the four main blood vessels associated with

the heart?4

A

● Aorta (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
● Pulmonary vein (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
● Vena cava (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
● Pulmonary artery (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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27
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

28
Q

Describe the process of blood flow through the heart 3

A 
● Blood enters the right atrium (vena cava)  and the
left atrium (pulmonary vein)

● The atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and
causing valves to shut

● After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body).

29
Q

How is the heart rate controlled?2

A

Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker.

They release waves of electrical activity
which cause the heart muscle to contract

30
Q

How can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated?

A

Irregular heart rhythms can be treated using an artificial pacemaker,

sends out electrical signals to correct the heart’s rhythm.

31
Q

How are arteries adapted for their function?3

A

● Function: carry blood away from the heart.
● Thick muscle layer - adds strength to resist high
pressure.
● Thick elastic layer - allows arteries to stretch
and recoil - in order to withstand high pressure.

32
Q

How are veins adapted for their function?3

A

● Function: carry blood towards the heart
● Wide lumen - enables low pressure
● Valves - prevent backflow of blood

33
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function?3

A

● Function: enable transfer of substances between
the blood and tissues.
● Walls are one cell thick - short diffusion path.
● Permeable walls - substances can diffuse across.
● Narrow lumen - blood moves slowly - more time
for diffusion.

34
Q

How would you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

35
Q

Where are the lungs found in the body?2

A

located in the thorax (within the chest).

protected by the ribcage

separated from the rest of the abdomen by the diaphragm

36
Q

What tissues make up the gas exchange system?

6

A 
● Trachea
● Intercostal muscles
● Bronchi
● Bronchioles
● Alveoli
● Diaphragm
37
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated by the action of intercostal muscles 5

A

● Intercostal muscles contract
● Ribcage moves upwards and outwards
● Diaphragm flattens and volume of the chest increases
● Increased volume results in decreased pressure
● Air is drawn into lungs down pressure gradient
The inverse occurs when air moves out of the lungs.

38
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli 2

A

● Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary bloodstream down its concentration gradient.
● Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into
the alveoli down its concentration gradient

39
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange

3

A

● Small and arranged in clusters - larger surface
area.
● Rich blood supply - maintains concentration
gradient.
● Thin alveolar wall - short diffusion pathway.

40
Q

How would you calculate the breathing rate

A

Number of breaths / number of minutes

41
Q

How can life situations affect health?2

A

life factors such as location, gender, financial status, ethnic group and
healthcare provision can impact a person’s
mental and physical health.

42
Q

Give examples of how health problems can interact

4

A

● Infection with certain viruses can lead to cancer eg. hepatitis infections can lead to liver cancer.
● A compromised immune system (eg. due to cancer) can lead to a higher risk of infection with communicable diseases.
● Immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergic reactions (asthma,Skin rashes)
● Problems with physical health can lead to mental health issues.

43
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

A mechanism which demonstrates how one

factor biologically influences another

44
Q

How do diet, smoking and exercise affect the

development of cardiovascular disease?3

A

● Diet: high levels of LDL cholesterol causes arteries to become blocked, increasing blood pressure and the risk of
a heart attack.
● Smoking: nicotine increases heart rate; other chemicals damage the artery lining and increase blood pressure.
● Exercise: lowers blood pressure, reducing strain on the heart

45
Q

How does obesity affect the development of type 2

diabetes?

A

● Obesity is strongly linked with type 2 diabetes - a disease in which the body
stops responding to insulin

46
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain function?3

A

● Excessive long-term alcohol use may lead
to liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver).
● Increases risk of liver cancer with fatty liver
● Damages brain tissue and nerve cells.

47
Q

How does smoking affect the development of lung disease and lung cancer?2

A

● Tar in tobacco can damage the alveoli of the
lungs, leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
● Tar also damages the cells which line the
lungs, leading to lung cance

48
Q

How do smoking and alcohol affect unborn

babies?2

A

● Carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke reduces the
amount of oxygen the foetus receives, which can lead
to premature birth or stillbirth.
● Alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the
developing foetus. Once born, the baby may have a
number of deformities and health problems as part of
foetal alcohol syndrome.

49
Q

How is epidermal tissue adapted for its function?2

A
  • covers the entire plant

- has a waxy cuticle which helps reduce water loss from the leaf surface. by evaporation

50
Q

How is palisade mesophyll tissue

adapted for its function? 3

A
  • found underneath the epidermal tissue
  • contains lots of chloroplasts which allows photosynthesis to progress at a rapid rate.
  • positioned at the top of the leaf so receive a lot of light
51
Q

How is spongy mesophyll tissue adapted

for its function? 2

A

-found underneath the palisade mesophyll
-has lots of air spaces which allow gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to diffuse in
and out

52
Q

How is the xylem adapted for its function?

A
  • hollow tube - allows the movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.
    ● Strengthened by lignin - makes the vessel strong and waterproof.
    ● Has bordered pits - allow minerals to be transported to specific places.
53
Q

How is the phloem adapted for its function?3

A

● Made up of elongated living cells.
● Cells have sieve plates that connect them
together - cell sap can move through plates
into other cells.
● Sieve tube cells have few organelles to allow
the efficient transport of substances

54
Q

How is meristem tissue adapted for its function? 2

A

-found at the tips of shoots and roots
-Made up of stem cells which can
differentiate into many different cell types,
allowing the plant to grow.

55
Q

What tissues does the leaf organ contain?6

A 
● Epidermis
● Palisade mesophyll
● Spongy mesophyll
● Xylem
● Phloem
● Guard cells
56
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Guard cells control the opening and closing
of the stomata, according to the water
content of the plant

57
Q

How are stomata adapted for their function?3

A

Stomata allow the control of gaseous exchange and
water loss from the leaf.
● More stomata on the base of the leaf - minimises
water loss as this side is cooler and shaded.
● Have guard cells which control their opening and
closing.

58
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?3

A

Root hair cells allow the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil.
● Large surface area - maximises rate of
absorption.
● Contain lots of mitochondria – release energy
for active transport of mineral ions

59
Q

What is translocation?

A

Translocation is the movement of
dissolved sugars from the leaves to other
parts of the plant

60
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the evaporation of water

vapour from the surface of a plant.

61
Q

How does transpiration work?3

A

● Water evaporates from the leaf surface via the
stomata.
● Water molecules cohere together - more water is
pulled up the xylem in an unbroken column.
● More water is taken up from the soil - creating a
continuous transpiration stream

62
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of

transpiration?2

A

Increasing the temperature increases the rate
of transpiration.
● Higher rate of evaporation and diffusion of
water - therefore rate of transpiration is
increased.

63
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?3

A

Increasing relative humidity decreases the rate of
transpiration.
● High relative humidity will reduce the water
vapour concentration gradient. The rate of
evaporation will decrease, and so will the rate of
transpiration.

64
Q

How does wind speed affect the rate of

transpiration?

A

increasing wind speed/air movement increases the
rate of transpiration.
● Increased air movement lowers water vapour
concentration outside of the leaf. This increases the
water vapour concentration gradient, thereby
increasing the rate of evaporation and transpiration.

65
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of
transpiration?
3

A

Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of
transpiration.
● The rate of photosynthesis increases, so more
stomata open.
This allows the rate of evaporation
to increase, increasing the rate of transpiration

Biology (11 decks)

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