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Biology > Topic 1: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Topic 1: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main Biological Molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acid
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2
Q

What is a condensation Reaction?

A

A reaction that joins 2 monomers together with a formation of a chemical bonds between and removes a molecule of water.

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3
Q

What is a Hydrolysis Reaction?

A

A reaction that breaks the chemical bonds between two monomers using a molecule of water.

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4
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Monomers are small units which join together via a condensation reaction to form larger molecules.

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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a large molecule made from repeating monomers joined together.

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6
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates and the bond that forms?

A

Monosaccharides are joined together with a Glycosidic bond forming polysaccharides.

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7
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of proteins and the bond that forms?

A

Amino acids are joined together with a peptide bond to form polypeptides.

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8
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids and the bond that forms?

A

Nucleotides are joined together with a phosphodiester bond forming a polynucleotide.

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9
Q

What are the 2 type of sugar molecules and how many carbon atoms do they have? Give the examples

A
  • Pentose sugar (5 Carbons) : Ribose + Deoxyribose

-Hexose sugar (6 Carbons): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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10
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms

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11
Q

What are the 2 isomers of Glucose and how are they different?

A
  • Alpha Glucose = Hydroxyl (OH) group is at the bottom
  • Beta Glucose = Hydroxyl (OH) group is at the top
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12
Q

What are the properties of glucose and what are its functions ( 4 marks )

A
  • Soluble : The OH group can form Hydrogen bond with water so it can be transported around the organism.
  • Bonds store a lot of energy: When bonds are Brocken a lot of energy is released
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13
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

When two monosaccharides join together through a condensation reaction.

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14
Q

What two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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15
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up the disaccharide sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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16
Q

What 2 monosaccharides join together to make the disaccharide lactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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17
Q

What glucose makes up Starch?

A

Alpha Glucose and made from a mixture of 2 polysaccharides: Amylose + Amylopectin

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18
Q

How is amylose structured and how does it help with its function?

A
  • Long Unbranched chain
  • Forms a coiled shape due to the 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Coiling makes it compact so it came store more energy in smaller spaces

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19
Q

How is amylopectin structured?

A

Long branched chain due to 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

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20
Q

How does branched endings help the functions of amylopectin?

A

Branched ending creates more S.A for more enzymes to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds so more glucose is released quicker.

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21
Q

What are the properties of starch and how does it relate to its functions?

A
  • Too large to cross the cell membrane: plants are able to use starch to store excess glucose

-Insoluble: doesn’t affect the water potential.

22
Q

What glucose is glycogen made from and how is it structured?

A

It’s made from alpha glucose and it has a long, branched chain due to the glycosidic bonds.

23
Q

What the use of glycogen?

A

Animals use glycogen as a storage molecule for excess glucose.

24
Q

What glucose is cellulose made from?

A

Made from beta glucose

25
What is the structure of cellulose?
- Long, unbranched due to 1-4 glycosidic bonds - Cellulose chains are linked by hydrogen bonds between the glucose molecules (forms thicker fibres = Microfibrils)
26
What are the properties and functions of cellulose?
-The hydrogen bonds that makes the microfibrils are very strong but still flexible allowing them to provide support -Provides support and allows cells to become turgid
27
What are the important use of lipids?
- Provides a source of energy - Help insulate organisms - Acts as waterproofing - Forms membranes and hormones
28
What makes up the triglycerides?
- 3 Fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule. Forms an ester bond between each of the fatty acid chains and the glycerol molecule
29
What are the properties and functions of triglycerides?
- Fatty acid chains are hydrophobic (insoluble in water): doesn’t affect the water potential - Tails face inwards: The glycerol head shields them from water - Bundle together as insoluble droplets in cells.
30
Why are lipids labelled as an energy storage molecule?
Long hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acid chain contains chemical energy (Lots of energy is released when the chain is Brocken)
31
What are phospholipids made of?
- Glycerol molecule - Phosphate group - 2 Fatty acid chains
32
What are the properties of phospholipids?
Phosphate group is hydrophilic + Fatty acid chains are hydrophobic ( Forms a bilayer - phosphate head facing outwards towards the water) Centre is hydrophobic so water soluble substances can’t easily pass through
33
What are saturated hydrocarbons?
They have no double bonds between the carbon atoms (Saturated with hydrogen)
34
What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Has 1 or more double bonds between the carbon atoms ( Double bonds causes chain to bend)
35
Describe the nucleotide structure.
-Phosphate group -Pentose sugar -Nitrogenous base
36
Name the 4 Bases found in DNA and the name of the bond that forms between them
-Adenine is complimentary and binds to Thymine. (2 Hydrogen Bonds) -Guanine is complimentary and binds to Cytosine. (3 Hydrogen bonds)
37
What are the differences between RNA + DNA?
- The Thymine base in DNA is replaced with a Uracil base in RNA -DNA has a deoxyribose sugar whilst RNA has a ribose sugar - DNA is double stranded whilst RNA is single stranded -RNA is a simpler molecule than DNA
38
What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?
- They contain a Pentose sugar , 4 different nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group. -They have phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides in the strands. -They both contain the base: Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine
39
What are the 2 purine (larger) bases and how many Carbon rings do they contain?
- Adenine + Guanine - 2 Carbon rings
40
What are the 2 Pyrimidine (smaller) bases and how many carbon rings do they contain?
- Thymine + Cytosine - 1 Carbon Ring
41
How is the structure of DNA related to its function? (4 marks)
- Contains a sugar phosphate backbone + is a double helix: provides strength -Double stranded: Replication can occur using 1 strand as a template - Weak hydrogen bonds: easy to unzip the 2 strands - DNA is a large molecule: Carry lots of information.
42
What is DNA being copied known as?
Semi-Conservative replication
43
What are the importance of retaining one original DNA strand?
- To ensure genetic continuity between generational cells. - It ensures that the new cells produced during the cell division to inherit all their genes from their parent cell.
44
Describe how DNA is formed
- DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and unzips the double helix -Both of the separated strands act as a template - Free nucleotides in the nucleoplasm are attracted to their complimentary base - DNA polymerase joins nucleotides on the new strand forming phosphodiester bonds between them - Hydrogen bonds reform between the complimentary bases.
45
Describe the experiment that led to the evidence for semi-conservative replication. (6 marks)
- 1 sample of bacteria was grown in a nutrient broth containing light nitrogen (N-14) and 1 was grown in a broth of heavy nitrogen (N-15) -Bacteria took up the N2 to make new nucleotides which was incorporated into their DNA -A sample of each was taken and centrifuged -The DNA grown in N-15 settled lower in the tube than N-14 did. -The DNA grown in N-15 was taken and replicated again but this time in the N-14 broth. -When centrifuged, it settled at a point between where the N-15 and N-14 did.
46
How does the experiment prove semi-conservative replication?
As it settled at a point between N-14 and N-15 did, it means it kept a strand of the old DNA and created a new strand with N-14.
47
Why did N-15 settle lower in the tube than N-14?
It was more dense.
48
Explain why maltase can only hydrolyse maltose
The active site of maltase has an active site that is complimentary to maltose, so only maltose can bind to form E-S complex.
49
Suggest a method to measure the quantity of reducing sugar In a solution.
-Colorimeter -Filter and dry the precipitate and then weigh the mass
50
Why would you want to use a colorimeter to measure the concentration of sugar in a solution.
Gives quantitative data which is more accurate. Looking at colour change is subjective.

Biology (25 decks)

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