Topic 1

Question 1

True or false, all atoms have the same amount of electrons as protons

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The atomic number (bottom number) tells you what

Answer 2

Number of protons in an atom

Question 3

The mass number (top number) tells you what

Answer 3

The total number of neutrons and protons

Question 4

What are isotopes

Answer 4

Isotopes are different forms of the same element which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Question 5

What is a compound

Answer 5

Substances formed of two or more elements where the atoms are in fixed proportions and held together by chemical bonds

Question 6

What is ionic bonding

Answer 6

When metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions and the non metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions. The opposite charges of the ions mean that they are strongly attracted to each other

Question 7

What is covalent bonding

Answer 7

Covalent boning occurs between two non metals when the atoms share electrons

Question 8

What is a mixture

Answer 8

Elements or compounds mixed together. They are easy to separate as there is no chemical bonding between elements/compounds

Question 9

Explain how to separate a mixture with paper chromatography (6)

Answer 9

•Draw a pencil line on some filter paper
•Add a spot of the ink to the line and place the sheet on a beaker of solvent e.g water
•Make sure ink isn’t touching the solvent and put a lid on top of the container to stop it from evaporating
•The solvent will seep up the paper and carry the ink with it
•As the ink moves up the paper each different dye will begin to separate as they move at different rates

Question 10

What is filtration used for

Answer 10

Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Filter paper is folded into a cone shape and mixture of solid and liquid is poured through leaving the solid behind.

Question 11

What are the two ways to separate soluble solids from solutions

Answer 11

Evaporation
Crystallisation

Question 12

Explain Evaporation

Answer 12

•Pour solution into evaporating dish
•Slowly heat solution. The solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated
•Keep heating evaporating dish until the crystals form

Question 13

Explain Crystallisation

Answer 13

•Pour solution into evaporating dish and gently heat. The solvent will evaporate and the solution will become more dense
•Once you see crystals start to form remove the dish from the heal and leave it to cool
•The salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold
•Finally, filter crystals out of solution and leave them in a warm place to dry

Question 14

Explain simple distillation

Answer 14

Simple distillation is used to separate out a liquid from a solution
•The solution is heated, the part of the solution with the lowest BP evaporates first
•The vapour is then cooled and condenses and is collected
•The rest of the solution is left behind in the flask

Question 15

What are the limitations of simple distillation

Answer 15

Simple distillation can only separate substances with very different BP if temperature goes higher than the BP of the substance with the higher BP they will mix again

Question 16

Explain fractional distillation

Answer 16

Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of liquids even if BP are close together
•Put mixture in a beaker and place a fractionating column on top
•Heat the mixture, as the liquid have different BP they will evaporate at different times
•The liquid with the lowest BP evaporates first. The other liquids may start to evaporate but the fractionating column is cooler at the top so they will condense before they reach the top, running back down towards the flask
•When the first liquid is collected you can raise the temperature to the BP of the next liquid with the lowest BP

Question 17

What was the plum pudding model

Answer 17

Made by JJ Thomas, the plum pudding model showed the atom as a ball of positive charge with electrons stuck in it

Question 18

Who proved the plum pudding model wrong and how did they do it

Answer 18

Rutherford proved the plum pudding model wrong using the alpha particle scattering experiment leading to the nuclear model of the atom

Question 19

What was Rutherfords nuclear model

Answer 19

Rutherfords nuclear model showed there is a tiny positively charged nucleus with a cloud of negatively charged electrons surrounding it so most of the atom was actually empty space

Question 20

What was Bohr’s nuclear model

Answer 20

Niels Bohr’s nuclear model of the atom suggested that all the electrons were contained in shells. He proposed that the electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells and aren’t anywhere in between.This model is very similar to the modern day accepted version.

Question 21

How many electrons are in the first 3 shells

Answer 21

1st=2
2nd=8
3rd=8

Question 22

How were early periodic tables arranged

Answer 22

By order of atomic weight

Question 23

Dimitri Mendeleev did what to the periodic table

Answer 23

Dimitri Mendeleev changed the order of the periodic table at the time, he put the elements mainly in order of atomic weight but did switch the order if the properties meant it should be changed. He also left gaps in the periodic table he made to make sure elements with similar properties stayed in the same groups. These gaps allowed Mendeleev to predict the properties of the undiscovered elements. When these elements were later discovered and found to have similar properties to that of which Mendeleev predicted, it helped confirm Mendeleev idea.

Question 24

All metals have metallic bonding which means they all share similar base physical properties such as:

Answer 24

Strong but malleable
Good conductors of heat and electricity
High BP and MP

Question 25

Trends of group 1 elements (Alkalis)

Answer 25

As you go down the group:
•Reactivity increases as the outer electron can be lost more easily
•Lower MP and BP
•Higher relative atomic mass

Question 26

Elements in group 7 are known as what

Answer 26

Halogens

Question 27

Trends for the halogens are

Answer 27

As you go down the group:
•Reactivity decreases as it is harder to gain extra electron
•Higher MP and BP
•Higher RFM/Relative atomic mass

Question 28

Group 0 Elements are known as

Answer 28

Noble gases

Question 29

Group 1 elements are known as

Answer 29

Alkali metals

Question 30

Noble gases are what

Answer 30

Noble gases are inert, they don’t easily react due to the full outer shell of electrons. They exist as monoatomic gases, single atoms not bonded to each other. They are colourless and non flammable.

Question 31

What is the trend for noble gases

Answer 31

As you go down the group, they have higher BP