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topic 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what elements is a carbohydrate made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

what is a monomer?

A

repeating unit from which larger molecules are made

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3
Q

what is the structure of starch?

A

alpha glucose, amylose and amylopectin, insoluble

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4
Q

what is the structure of glycogen?

A

side branches, compact, alpha glucose

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5
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

long, unbranched, beta glucose, microfibrils

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6
Q

what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

h and oh are the opposite way round on the right hand side

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7
Q

what is condensation?

A

two molecules are joined which releases water

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8
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

breaks the polymer using water

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9
Q

what is maltose made of?

A

2 alpha glucose

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10
Q

what is sucrose made of?

A

glucose and fructose

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11
Q

what is lactose made of?

A

glucose and galactose

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12
Q

what is a lipid made of?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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13
Q

what bonds are present in lipids?

A

ester bond

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14
Q

what bonds are present in carbohydrates?

A

glycosidic bond

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15
Q

what bonds are present in proteins?

A

peptide bonds

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16
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

no double bonds

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17
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

at least one carbon double bond=kinked chain

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18
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group, makes up a bilayer

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19
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

energy storage, long, insoluble

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20
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

sequence of amino acids

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21
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

hydrogen bond, coil to form an alpha helix or fold to form a beta pleated sheet

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22
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

hydrogen and ionic bonds, disulphide bridges, 3D structure

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23
Q

what is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

when several polypeptides join together

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24
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts, proteins

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25
Q

what is the job of an enzyme?

A

to lower the activation energy of a reaction

26
Q

what are the two models for enzymes?

A

lock and key hypothesis, induced fit model

27
Q

how does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

increases up to a certain point, then denatures

28
Q

how does enzyme activity affect pH?

A

increases up to a certain point, then denatures

29
Q

how does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

increases up to saturation point, then levels off

30
Q

what is competitive inhibition?

A

when it competes to block the active site

31
Q

what is non competitive inhibition?

A

when it causes the enzyme to bind away from its active site

32
Q

what is the full name for DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

33
Q

what is the full name for RNA?

A

ribonucleic acid

34
Q

what is the job of DNA?

A

to store genetic information

35
Q

what is the job of RNA?

A

to transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

36
Q

what is a nucleotide made of?

A

phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogen containing base

37
Q

what bases does DNA contain?

A

adenine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

38
Q

what bases does RNA contain?

A

adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

39
Q

what bonds are formed to join nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bonds

40
Q

what is the structure of a DNA strand?

A

2 polynucleotide strands, antiparallel, double helix

41
Q

who proposed the structure of the DNA double helix?

A

Watson and Crick

42
Q

how does semi conservative replication work?

A

1) DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases on polynucleotide strands
2) DNA helix unwinds to form 2 strands
3) original strand acts as a template
4) complementary base pairing occurs- free nucleotides are attracted to their exposed bases
5) condensation reaction joins nucleotides which is catalysed by DNA polymerase

43
Q

what direction is the new strand of DNA made in?

A

5’ to 3’ direction, active site of polymerase complements the 3’ end, moves into the 3’ to 5’ direction

44
Q

who proposed evidence for semi conservative replication?

A

Meselson and Stahl

45
Q

how did scientists propose the evidence for semi conservative replication?

A

heavy nitrogen replicates in the light broth, combination of heavy and light strands suggests semi conservative replication

46
Q

what charges are present in a water molecule?

A 
hydrogen= slightly positive, 
oxygen= slightly negative
47
Q

why is it good for water to have a high latent heat of vaporisation?

A

can get cool without losing too much water

48
Q

why is it good for water to have a high specific heat capacity?

A

no rapid temperature changes, can act as a buffer

49
Q

what is ATP made of?

A

adenine, ribose, phosphate

50
Q

how many phosphate groups does ATP have?

A

3

51
Q

what does ATP do?

A

diffuses to the part of cell that needs energy

52
Q

why is ATP important?

A

cells cannot get their energy directly from glucose

53
Q

how does ATP turn into ADP and Pi?

A

hydrolysis reaction, catalysed by ATP hydrolase

54
Q

how does ADP and Pi change into ATP?

A

condensation reaction, catalysed by ATP synthase

55
Q

what is an ion?

A

molecule with an electric charge

56
Q

what is a positive ion?

A

cation

57
Q

what is a negative ion?

A

anion

58
Q

what does an inorganic ion not contain?

A

carbon

59
Q

what is the role of an iron ion?

A

part of haemoglobin

60
Q

what is the role of a hydrogen ion?

A

determines pH, more ions=lower pH

61
Q

what is the role of a sodium ion?

A

transports glucose and amino acids across the membrane

62
Q

what is the role of a phosphate ion?

A

part of ATP and DNA

biology updated (10 decks)

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