Tooth Morphology Flashcards
what are deciduous teeth
the primary teeth
what are permanent teeth
adult teeth
what is the maxilla
the upper jaw
what is the mandible
the lower jaw
how many teeth are in each quadrant of the mouth
8
what is the name for the teeth found at the front of the mouth
anterior teeth
what is the name for the teeth found at the back of the mouth
posterior teeth
is the third molar included in restorations
no
what are the different tooth types
incisors, canines, premolar and molar
how many incisor types are there
two - central and lateral
how many types of canine are there
just one
how many premolar types are there
two - first premolars and second premolars
how many molar types are there
three - 1st 2nd 3rd
what are the anterior teeth
incisors and canines
does the primary dentition include premolars
no
what teeth can be found in the primary dentition
incisors, canines and molars
what is the mesial surface
the surface of the tooth closer to the midline of the mouth
what is the distal surface
the surface of the tooth closer to the back of the mouth
what is the buccal tooth surface
the surface of the tooth facing the cheek
what is the lingual surface
the surface facing the tongue
what is the labial surface
the face toward the lip
what are buccal and labial surfaces also referred to as
vestibular surfaces
what is the palatal surface
the surface facing the hard palate
what is the apex of the tooth
the tip of the root
what is the root
the section of the tooth beneath the gums
what is the incisal edge
the edge of the crown
what is the cervical line of the tooth
the amelo-cemental junction - lines the bit separating the crown and the root
what is the cingulum
the bulge or prominence of enamel found on the cervical third of lingual surface of all anterior teeth
what is the occlusal surface
the section of the tooth seen from above
what are marginal ridges
an elevation of enamel which forms the mesial or distal margin of the lingual surface of an anterior tooth or the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth
what are cusps
the ridges on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth
why are there systems for naming teeth
if you wish to refer a patient for specialist opinion, you need to communicate information about the teeth using a system of naming that others will recognise
what are some examples of long hand naming of teeth
- upper right first molar
- lower left second molar
what are the key points for identifying teeth
- the tooth type
- tooth number
- jaw
- side
what are the four quadrants of the mouth
upper right, upper left, lower right, and lower left
what is FDI
federation dentaire international
what is the number for the upper right quadrant of the mouth
1
what is the number for the upper left quadrant of the mouth
2
what is the number for the lower right quadrant of the mouth
4
what is the number for the lower left quadrant of the mouth
3
why is FDI a good notation system to use
it is quick and electronic format friendly
what would the FDI notation be for the upper left first molar
26
what is the FDI notation for the lower left second premolar
35
what is the zsigmondy palmer notation
this is the use of the lines to represent the quadrants of the mouth. it is less electronic friendly
what are the three main systems for naming teeth
the FDI
the palmer
the universal
when is tooth morphology important
in tooth restoration for fillings, crowns and dentures as it helps with identifying teeth
what is the root covered in
cementum
what is the crown covered in
enamel
what are the anterior teeth
incisors and canines
what is the FDI notation for the upper first permanent molars
16/26
what are the features of the upper 6 permanent molars
- the mesiopalatal cusp is largest
- the distopalatal cusp is the smallest
- has an oblique ridge which stretches from the mesiobuccal to the distopalatal cusp
- the distal fissure is longer and runs onto the palatal surface
- has a tubercle of carabelli
- 2 buccal roots and 1 palatal
describe the features of the upper second molar
the distopalatal cusp is greatly reduced and can even be absent. is heart shaped ish
what are the possible FDI notations for the upper second molar
17 or 27
what is a feature of the roots of the upper third permanent molars
their roots are usually fused together
what are the features of the lower first permanent molar
- the buccal surface usually has a pit with an increased risk of caries
- five cusps
- 3 cusps are buccal
- 2 cusps are lingual
- the smallest cusp is on the distal side
- has a transverse fissure across the occlusal surface
what is the clinical relevence of molar morphology important for
to provide good restorations
what are the features of lower second molars
- the mesial root is broader than the distal root
- usually has four cusps of smaller size
- has a cross shaped fissur pattern across the occlusal surface
- the lingual cusps are raised
how many roots are found on the upper molars
3
how many roots are found on the lower molars
2
describe the features of the upper right central incisor
- the crown is by far the largest of the four incisors, smooth, slightly convex labial surface.
- mesio incisal angle is sharp
- disto incisal angle is more rounded
- mesial and distal marginal ridges meet at the cervix of the tooth forming a convex cingulum
- this gives a scoop like form to the crown
- mammelons are present when the teeth are younger, highlighting the age of the patient
describe the mesial and distal sides of the upper right central incisor
crown appears wedge shaped, leaning lingually
cervical region has a greater undulation on the mesial aspect than the distal
describe the features of the upper right lateral incisor
much less bulky and slender than the central incisor. slightly rounded mesioincisal angle, and a short distal surface with a pronounced rounding of the disto incisal angle
the lingual surface has two pronounced marginal ridges, and can sometimes enclose a fossa on the palatal side of the tooth
why is the palatal fossa on the lateral incisors clinically adverse
deposits can accumulate in it with the possibility of subsequent caries
how does the incisal edge of the laterial incisor differ from the central incisor
it is more rounded
what are the features of the lower right central incisor
crown appears flat and symmetrical, disto incisal edge is marginally rounded than the mesio incisal edge
crown leans lingually, cervical undulation is greater on the mesial surface
small cingulum
what are the features of the lower right lateral incisors
crown is more fan shaped, mesio incisal edge is sharp, distoincisal edge is rounded.
mesial side is slightly longer than the distal side
crown is wedge shaped and leans lingually
crown is slightly twisted on the root to follow the dental arch
how does the mesial border compare with the distal border on canines
the mesial border is shorter and less steeply inclined than the distal border
describe the features of the upper canines
- has a pointed cusp instead of an incisal edge
- convex, the middle region is often heightened to a prominent ridge. the mesial cusp slope is shorter and less steeply inclined than the distal border
has cingulum, often divided into two shallow fossae on the palatal aspect by a ridge connecting the cusp
curvature of the cervical margin on the distal surface is less marked than that on the mesial surface
describe the contact areas of upper canines
the mesial contact is the crest of the curvature, and is located more incisally.
the distal contact area is located at the centre of the middle third of the crown
which root is the longest out of the dentition
the upper canine root
which root is usually slightly grooved both mesially and distally
the upper canine root
describe the root shape of the lower canines
more slender than the upper canines, and more symmetrical
which root is flatter mesiodistally so it appears narrower and more slender
the lower canine
why does the lower canine root appear narrower and more slender
it is flatter mesio distally
is the cingulum on the lower canines more or less pronounced than on the upper canine
less
describe the lingual surface of lower canines
less pronounced cingulum and marginal ridges
overall appears flatter
this tooth has a mesial border of the cusp being shorter and less steeply inclined than the distal border. the labial surface is lingually inclined, bringing the cusp into lingual position. what it is?
lower canine
are the ridges prominent on lower canines
no
how is the labial surface of lower canines inclined
lingually, bringing the cusp into lingual position
describe the mesial cervical line on lower canines
more undulated than on the distal cervical line
how does the inclination of the labial surface of upper canines compare to lower canines
upper canines are almost vertical inclined, whereas the lower canines are inclined lingually
give a summary of the crowns of upper canines
- stour, broad diamond shaped surface, pointed cusp
- crown set in straight line with root, when viewed from proximal side
- the amelocemental junction is on the same level on the labial and the lingual sides of the crown
give a summary on the crown shape of lower canines
- high, narrow crown, less pointed cusp
- crown is set at an angle from the root
- enamel extends further apically on the labial side than on the lingual side
describe the palatal surface of the upper first premolar
slightly lower, much narrower than the buccal surface
which proximal surface of the upper first premolar is convex
distal
what is the canine fossa
the continuation of concavity from the mesial cervical region over to the cervical region of the root
what is the name of the surface of the upper first premolar that contacts the distal surface of the upper canine
the canine fossa
describe the occlusal surface of the upper first premolar
roughly oval, buccal cusp is wider and higher than lingual cusp.
there is a marked mesial displacement of the lingual cusp
the mesial marginal ridge is higher
sharp fissure running mesiodistally, doesnt reach the distal marginal ridge, but often extends across the mesial marginal ridge onto the mesial surface.
what separates the two cusps of the upper first premolar
a sharp fissure that runs mesiodistally
how many upper first premolars have two roots
more than 50%
where are the two roots of the upper first premolar located
one is buccal, one is lingual
how do the roots of upper first premolars compare to upper molars
they are buccal-lingual rather than mesial-distal
what is a bifurcation
the division of roots
how does the mesial surface of the upper first premolar compare to the distal
more deeply grooved, and shows concavity in the cervical region
what is the name of the concavity in the cervical region of upper first premolars
canine fossa
this tooth has a marked distal curvature on its apex. which tooth is it
upper first premolar
describe the buccal surface of the upper second premolar
two cusps are similar in width and height, due to reduction in size of the buccal cusp
smaller than the upper first premolar
which proximal surface of the upper second premolar is convex
the mesial surface
which proximal surface of the upper second premolar has a deeper root depression
the distal
is there a mesial displacement on just the upper first premolar
no it is also observed on the upper second
how often are there two roots on the upper second premolar
only 15% of the time
how do the upper first and upper second premolars differ based on their cusps
the upper first buccal cusp is wider and higher, whereas the buccal cusp of the second premolar is almost of equal size to the lingual cusp
does the fissure separating the cusps on the occlusal surface of the upper second premolars reach the marginal ridges
no
describe the buccal surface of the lower first premolar
inclinded strongly lingually, so that its tip lies almost above the centre of the tooth
describe the lingual surface of the lower first premolar
slightly narrower and much lower than the buccal surface
what is the shape of the occlusal surface of the lower first premolar
round
how different are the heights of the buccal and lingual cusps on the lower first premolar
much greater difference than observed in the upper premolars
what feature can be found on the occlusal surface of the lower first premolar
a small groove often running from the mesial pit onto the mesial lingual surface
which marginal ridge on the lower first premolar is more cervical
the mesial
is the contact area between the lower canine and first premolar small or broad
broad
how does the crown of the lower second premolar compare to the first
it is much larger than the first lower premolar
how does the occlusal surface of the lower second premolar differ to the lower first premolar
the lingual cusp is larger than that of the first and it is displaced mesially
how many lingual cusps can be found on the lower second premolar
two, sometimes, and if so it is the mesial one that is larger
is the distal fossa greater or larger than the mesial fossa on the lower second premolar
the distal
which marginal ridge is more cervical on the lower second premolar
the distal marginal ridge
how does the occlusal surface of upper premolars compare to the lower premolars
lowers have a round occlusal surface, uppers have an oval occlusal surface
how does the crown root angle of the lower premolars compare to the upper premolars
lower premolars have buccal cusp inclined lingually to produce a curved buccal profile
upper premolars have buccal surfaces of the crown and root in the straight line
how many roots does the first premolar have compared to the second premolar (upper)
usually two in the first premolars and usually one in the second premolars
how does the buccal cusp differ between the first and second premolars (upper)
the first has a large buccal cusp and a very small lingual cusp
second has one or two lingual cusps more closely approximating the buccal in height
ignoring what feature during restorative work might result in improper contact relationship with the distal surface of the canine. what is this feature
the canine fossa
what does unilateral mean
affecting only one side
what does bilateral mean
affecting both sides
what does ipsilateral mean
belonging to or occuring on the same side of the body
what does contralateral mean
occurs on the opposite side of the body
