Tools: Looking

Question 1

Why should we use eye-tracking tools for developmental research?

Answer 1

Get an idea of what an infant knows, doesn’t know, is aware of etc when they cannot verbally express it

Question 2

What are the 3 core networks of attention

Answer 2

Alerting, Orienting and Executive

Question 3

At what point is the alerting system developed in the brain?

Answer 3

From birth

Question 4

When is the orienting system fully developed

Answer 4

Around 2 years

Question 5

When is the executive system developing/fully developed

Answer 5

Slowly improves beyond 7 years and Up until 25 years old

Question 6

What are the main explicit attentional tasks?

Answer 6

Attentional Network Task
Attentional bias
Executive attention

Question 7

What age range did Reuda et al (2004) study for the attentional network task

Answer 7

6-9 and adults with 10 year olds

Question 8

What did Reuda et al (2004) discover in their study

Answer 8

RT and accuracy improved with age

Question 9

What did Reuda et al (2004) discover in their study

Answer 9

RT and accuracy improved with age

Question 10

What is a limitation of using a Attentional Network Task?

Answer 10

Cannot be used on infants due to task demand

Question 11

What are two examples of Executive Attention tasks

Answer 11

Stroop test and Dimensional Change Card Sorting task (DCCS)

Question 12

What is the advantage of these Executive Attention tasks?

Answer 12

Stroop Test: Can be used for younger children who can’t read - pictures and colours
Both used on young children

Question 13

What EAT did Carlson (2004) use when studying longitudinally ToM and EF? What age were the ptps?

Answer 13

DCCS
24 and 39 months

Question 14

What part of the attention network can Attentional bias tap into

Answer 14

Involuntary orienting

Question 15

What did Amir et al (2009) demonstrate you can do with the attention bias

Answer 15

With training, you can change it although very small effect size

Question 16

How can attentional bias tasks be used on infants as shown by Peltola et al (2008)

Answer 16

Using eye tracking
Expanding fixation circle

Question 17

What are examples of implicit measures of attention

Answer 17

Habituation, violation of expectation , preferential looking and eye-tracking

Question 18

What are the limitations of using implicit measures for attention?

Answer 18

Hard to control experimentally and inferentially

Question 19

What were the infants looking at in Craighero et al’s (2011) using preferential looking

Answer 19

Grasping or reaching a ball either away or towards the reference person

Question 20

What was the result of Craighero et al’s (2011) study?

Answer 20

Infants showed a preference for the hand grasping

Question 21

What are the limitations of Craighero et al’s 2011 study?

Answer 21

Familiarity changes as you get older - longitudinal/cross-sectional study?
Natural head tilt - counterbalance

Question 22

What are the limitations of Sommerville et al’s study using Habituation?

Answer 22

Can’t be used on younger infants
Requires a longer attention span

Question 23

Why has the Sally-Ann task been criticised as a measure of false belief/violation of expectation?

Answer 23

Too complex and requires a lot of executive functions so hides the true skills of younger children

Question 24

How did Onishi and Baillargeon simplify the false belief task?

Answer 24

Using and yellow and green box and a watermelon slice

Question 25

What was the aim of Cannon and Woodward’s (2012) study?

Answer 25

If infants can predict the goal behaviours of humans and robots

Question 26

What was the result of Cannon and Woodward’s (2012) study with eye gaze and robot/human behaviours

Answer 26

Show attention to the goal object with the human hand but not the robot - they understand humans have goals and these patterns

Question 27

What kind of research questions can be asked in reference to looking times?

Answer 27

Do infants detect a difference in stimuli?
Do infants prefer one stimuli over another?
Do infants detect change?

Question 28

What kind of research questions can be asked in reference to eye tracking?

Answer 28

Where/what do infants look/at on stimuli
Do infants shift their attention during a task?

Question 29

What limitations should we consider for measuring looking time

Answer 29

Visual acuity
Inference
Participant alertness
Expectation

Question 30

What limitation should we consider for eye-tracking?

Answer 30

Individual differences such as glasses that can effect the equipment

Question 31

In what ways can using looking tools not be developmentally appropriate?

Answer 31

Motor/verbal responses
Working memory
Instructions

Question 32

What was the aim of Morlaes et al’s (2017) study?

Answer 32

If maternal anxiety predicted attentional bias to threat in infants

Question 33

What did Morales et al (2017) find from their study on attentional bias to threat and maternal anxiety

Answer 33

Attentional bias to angry faces, and not happy, +vely correlated with maternal anxiety

Question 34

What are some limitations of Morales et al’s (2017) study? How could it be improved?

Answer 34

Implicit design - hard to make inferences if it is actually due to maternal anxiety, especially if there was no affect on infant temperament
Make is longitudinal/cross-sectional - do these biases hold out into later childhood?