Tools: Looking Flashcards
Why should we use eye-tracking tools for developmental research?
Get an idea of what an infant knows, doesn’t know, is aware of etc when they cannot verbally express it
What are the 3 core networks of attention
Alerting, Orienting and Executive
At what point is the alerting system developed in the brain?
From birth
When is the orienting system fully developed
Around 2 years
When is the executive system developing/fully developed
Slowly improves beyond 7 years and Up until 25 years old
What are the main explicit attentional tasks?
Attentional Network Task
Attentional bias
Executive attention
What age range did Reuda et al (2004) study for the attentional network task
6-9 and adults with 10 year olds
What did Reuda et al (2004) discover in their study
RT and accuracy improved with age
What did Reuda et al (2004) discover in their study
RT and accuracy improved with age
What is a limitation of using a Attentional Network Task?
Cannot be used on infants due to task demand
What are two examples of Executive Attention tasks
Stroop test and Dimensional Change Card Sorting task (DCCS)
What is the advantage of these Executive Attention tasks?
Stroop Test: Can be used for younger children who can’t read - pictures and colours
Both used on young children
What EAT did Carlson (2004) use when studying longitudinally ToM and EF? What age were the ptps?
DCCS
24 and 39 months
What part of the attention network can Attentional bias tap into
Involuntary orienting
What did Amir et al (2009) demonstrate you can do with the attention bias
With training, you can change it although very small effect size
How can attentional bias tasks be used on infants as shown by Peltola et al (2008)
Using eye tracking
Expanding fixation circle
What are examples of implicit measures of attention
Habituation, violation of expectation , preferential looking and eye-tracking
What are the limitations of using implicit measures for attention?
Hard to control experimentally and inferentially
What were the infants looking at in Craighero et al’s (2011) using preferential looking
Grasping or reaching a ball either away or towards the reference person
What was the result of Craighero et al’s (2011) study?
Infants showed a preference for the hand grasping
What are the limitations of Craighero et al’s 2011 study?
Familiarity changes as you get older - longitudinal/cross-sectional study?
Natural head tilt - counterbalance
What are the limitations of Sommerville et al’s study using Habituation?
Can’t be used on younger infants
Requires a longer attention span
Why has the Sally-Ann task been criticised as a measure of false belief/violation of expectation?
Too complex and requires a lot of executive functions so hides the true skills of younger children
How did Onishi and Baillargeon simplify the false belief task?
Using and yellow and green box and a watermelon slice
What was the aim of Cannon and Woodward’s (2012) study?
If infants can predict the goal behaviours of humans and robots
What was the result of Cannon and Woodward’s (2012) study with eye gaze and robot/human behaviours
Show attention to the goal object with the human hand but not the robot - they understand humans have goals and these patterns
What kind of research questions can be asked in reference to looking times?
Do infants detect a difference in stimuli?
Do infants prefer one stimuli over another?
Do infants detect change?
What kind of research questions can be asked in reference to eye tracking?
Where/what do infants look/at on stimuli
Do infants shift their attention during a task?
What limitations should we consider for measuring looking time
Visual acuity
Inference
Participant alertness
Expectation
What limitation should we consider for eye-tracking?
Individual differences such as glasses that can effect the equipment
In what ways can using looking tools not be developmentally appropriate?
Motor/verbal responses
Working memory
Instructions
What was the aim of Morlaes et al’s (2017) study?
If maternal anxiety predicted attentional bias to threat in infants
What did Morales et al (2017) find from their study on attentional bias to threat and maternal anxiety
Attentional bias to angry faces, and not happy, +vely correlated with maternal anxiety
What are some limitations of Morales et al’s (2017) study? How could it be improved?
Implicit design - hard to make inferences if it is actually due to maternal anxiety, especially if there was no affect on infant temperament
Make is longitudinal/cross-sectional - do these biases hold out into later childhood?
