Interviews and Observations Flashcards
What was the goal of Zeanah and Benoit’s study?
To understand the parents relationship and experiences with their infant and their impression of their personality
How did Zeanah and Benoit measure the understanding of the parent’s relationship with their infant?
Working Mode of Child Interview
- Gains history of relationship
- The parents impression of the child’s personality
Rating the transcript with 15 likert scales
Classifications of the transcripts: balanced, disengaged, distorted
How was Foley et al’s study better than Zeanah and Benoit’s
More concise and focused - only 5 minute sample and coded the transcript for mind-mindedness
How can you make an interview more objective? Which study did this?
Make them highly structured with an inventory or checklist.
Tamis-LaMonda used it as a way of measuring language milestones
Tamis-LaMonda had open-ended questions about child talking about the past, what could be a limitation of this?
Subjective idea about what the past is to the child
What must we be mindful of when interviewing children?
Leading questions and interpretation of questions
What is molecular coding? and is it more objective or subjective
More specific/detailed codes, often to do with the individual
What is molar coding? Is it more obj or subj?
Broader chunks of coding, often to do with interactions
What categories of behaviour are coded in Parten’s Scale of Social Participation?
Onlooking, Unoccupied, Solitary Independent play, Parallel Activity, Associative play, Cooperative/Organised supplementary play
What did Parten do to try and increase the reliability of their scale?
Overlapped coding between researcher and observer and compared this with an overlap with teacher and observer
What are the possible difficulties of coding observations?
Hard to code multiple people at the same time
Need a training period
Things that stray from the coding scheme but are important
Subjective judgement if behaviour applies to which code
What did Snow’s (1977) longitudinal design study? Hint. Language
Development of conversation between mothers and babies
What did they code for in Snow’s (1977) study of development of conversations b/ween mothers and babies
Utterances that were questions
What were the results from Snows (1977) study
Questions common at early infancy, decrease when child first utterances and increases as child’s language becomes more sophisticated
What did Ainsworth and Bell (1972) investigate?
Maternal responsiveness and attachment
What types of episodes were recorded in Ainsworth and Bell’s (1972) study?
Each episode of crying, length of crying, whether or not the mother responded, and how long before response
What kind of behavioural responses were recorded?
Feeds, offers dummy or toy, enters room, approaches, touches, picks up; holds
What observational scale was created from the Ainsworth and Bell (1972) study? Was is molar or molecular?
Ainsworth Sensitivity Global Scale
Molar - global rating
What kind of observational coding did Tamis-LaMonda use? Was is molar or molecular and why?
Event-based coding
Molecular because it identified a tiny 5-second window for maternal response after baby cries
What did Slomkowski et al (1996) examine?
Conversational turns and social competence
How did Slomkowski et al (1996) define a turn
Any on one’s utterance bounded by utterances of another speaker
What 3 turn types were coded in Slomkowski et al’s (1996) study under the feeling state coding system?
When the speaker used a feeling state e.g happy or sad
Used a phrased a connoted a feeling state eg made a fuss
When an expletive was used to express a feeling state eg yuck!!!
What other coding system was included in Slowkowski et al’s (1996) study?
Causality
What is the relationship between observations and Validity?
Observational designs can increase the validity HOWEVER validity can vary across contexts
How was validity affected as shown by Tamis-LaMonda et al (2017)
The language inputs were richer in the naturalistic setting than the structured play
How can you increase reliability in observational methods?
Well-defined coding schemes and more objective
What was the aim of Cameron-Falkner et al’s (2018) study?
To see if natural environments affect the quality of communication between parents and children
What equipment did Altman et al (2019) use in their study of peer social interaction and what did they measure?
LENA for vocalisation and Ubisense for proximity with other classmates
How does Altman et al’s (2019) study increase validity?
Converging methods using child, parent and teacher reports
