Interviews and Observations

Question 1

What was the goal of Zeanah and Benoit’s study?

Answer 1

To understand the parents relationship and experiences with their infant and their impression of their personality

Question 2

How did Zeanah and Benoit measure the understanding of the parent’s relationship with their infant?

Answer 2

Working Mode of Child Interview
- Gains history of relationship
- The parents impression of the child’s personality
Rating the transcript with 15 likert scales
Classifications of the transcripts: balanced, disengaged, distorted

Question 3

How was Foley et al’s study better than Zeanah and Benoit’s

Answer 3

More concise and focused - only 5 minute sample and coded the transcript for mind-mindedness

Question 4

How can you make an interview more objective? Which study did this?

Answer 4

Make them highly structured with an inventory or checklist.
Tamis-LaMonda used it as a way of measuring language milestones

Question 5

Tamis-LaMonda had open-ended questions about child talking about the past, what could be a limitation of this?

Answer 5

Subjective idea about what the past is to the child

Question 6

What must we be mindful of when interviewing children?

Answer 6

Leading questions and interpretation of questions

Question 7

What is molecular coding? and is it more objective or subjective

Answer 7

More specific/detailed codes, often to do with the individual

Question 8

What is molar coding? Is it more obj or subj?

Answer 8

Broader chunks of coding, often to do with interactions

Question 9

What categories of behaviour are coded in Parten’s Scale of Social Participation?

Answer 9

Onlooking, Unoccupied, Solitary Independent play, Parallel Activity, Associative play, Cooperative/Organised supplementary play

Question 10

What did Parten do to try and increase the reliability of their scale?

Answer 10

Overlapped coding between researcher and observer and compared this with an overlap with teacher and observer

Question 11

What are the possible difficulties of coding observations?

Answer 11

Hard to code multiple people at the same time
Need a training period
Things that stray from the coding scheme but are important
Subjective judgement if behaviour applies to which code

Question 12

What did Snow’s (1977) longitudinal design study? Hint. Language

Answer 12

Development of conversation between mothers and babies

Question 13

What did they code for in Snow’s (1977) study of development of conversations b/ween mothers and babies

Answer 13

Utterances that were questions

Question 14

What were the results from Snows (1977) study

Answer 14

Questions common at early infancy, decrease when child first utterances and increases as child’s language becomes more sophisticated

Question 15

What did Ainsworth and Bell (1972) investigate?

Answer 15

Maternal responsiveness and attachment

Question 16

What types of episodes were recorded in Ainsworth and Bell’s (1972) study?

Answer 16

Each episode of crying, length of crying, whether or not the mother responded, and how long before response

Question 17

What kind of behavioural responses were recorded?

Answer 17

Feeds, offers dummy or toy, enters room, approaches, touches, picks up; holds

Question 18

What observational scale was created from the Ainsworth and Bell (1972) study? Was is molar or molecular?

Answer 18

Ainsworth Sensitivity Global Scale
Molar - global rating

Question 19

What kind of observational coding did Tamis-LaMonda use? Was is molar or molecular and why?

Answer 19

Event-based coding
Molecular because it identified a tiny 5-second window for maternal response after baby cries

Question 20

What did Slomkowski et al (1996) examine?

Answer 20

Conversational turns and social competence

Question 21

How did Slomkowski et al (1996) define a turn

Answer 21

Any on one’s utterance bounded by utterances of another speaker

Question 22

What 3 turn types were coded in Slomkowski et al’s (1996) study under the feeling state coding system?

Answer 22

When the speaker used a feeling state e.g happy or sad
Used a phrased a connoted a feeling state eg made a fuss
When an expletive was used to express a feeling state eg yuck!!!

Question 23

What other coding system was included in Slowkowski et al’s (1996) study?

Answer 23

Causality

Question 24

What is the relationship between observations and Validity?

Answer 24

Observational designs can increase the validity HOWEVER validity can vary across contexts

Question 25

How was validity affected as shown by Tamis-LaMonda et al (2017)

Answer 25

The language inputs were richer in the naturalistic setting than the structured play

Question 26

How can you increase reliability in observational methods?

Answer 26

Well-defined coding schemes and more objective

Question 27

What was the aim of Cameron-Falkner et al’s (2018) study?

Answer 27

To see if natural environments affect the quality of communication between parents and children

Question 28

What equipment did Altman et al (2019) use in their study of peer social interaction and what did they measure?

Answer 28

LENA for vocalisation and Ubisense for proximity with other classmates

Question 29

How does Altman et al’s (2019) study increase validity?

Answer 29

Converging methods using child, parent and teacher reports