Longitudinal designs: Predictors and outcomes Flashcards
What are the 4 goals of developmental research?
Description, Explanation, Prediction, Application
Why do we have a prediction as a goal in developmental research?
It often precedes the goal of explanation as we need to identify patterns in order to make causal relations
What type of research is often used for prediction but not all studies of that research have prediction as the goal?
Correlational
What is the most appropriate design method for goals of prediciton?
Longitudinal
What are 3 common predictor outcomes often mistaken as causal?
Age, gender and attachment
When is multiple regression most commonly used?
When multiple variables are being measures at the same time
When should you NOT use multiple regression and why?
Longitudinal data - violates the assumption of independence
What did Alloway and Alloway (2010) investigate that included multiple regression analysis?
The predictive roles of working memory and IQ on academic achievement
What did Alloway and Alloway do after the initial regression analysis?
Hierarchical regression to see which cognitive abilities shared unique variance with the two measures of academic achievement
What is dominance analysis?
Considers all the R2 values for all possible subset models
i.e sees which predictor variable contributes the most
What is an alternative way of analysing longitudinal data?
Mixed effects/multi-level models
Why is mixed effect modelling better for longitudinal designs?
Assumes each individual will have their own unique pattern of change and stability over time
Why is it called mixed effects modelling?
It uses both fixed (population) and random (individual) effects
What did peter et al (2019) investigate that involved mixed-effects modelling?
Predicted language growth through either speed of processing or vocabulary size
How did Peter et al (2019) undergo mixed-effects modelling? what was the result?
Process: Plotted a line for each individual - individual effect
Divided between fast and slow processors - population effect
Result:
- Slow processors have a lower level of expressive language but their trajectories were similar to the fast processors
What’s another example of a study that used Mixed-effects modelling?
Dadvand et al
What is survival analysis?
Family of techniques where you see how long it takes for something to happen or stop happening
In particular, if a set of variables influence this survival time
What did Chen and Kandel (1998) study in their survival analysis? what was found?
predictors in the cessation of marijuana use
Most important = pregnancy
Best predictors of longer-term use; start early, frequent use, using other controlled drugs
What did Friso-van de bos (2020) measure to predict academic achievement?
Working memory and inhibitory control
What were the findings from Friso-van de bos’ (2020) study on WM and IC to predict Academic achievement
Testing order affected performance on visuospatial WM
Children performed better in individual setting rather than classroom
Verbal WM (but not VS WM) was a strong predictor of academic achievement in the classroom setting but not the individual setting
Attentional capacities reported were affected by the setting
What are limitations of Friso-van de bos’ (2020) study? What could they do to improve?
They used multiple regression analysis so could used mixed effects - did justify as used dominance analysis
Teacher self report - parent report as well?
Better cog inhibition task that is less demanding such as day/night task
What are the limitations of Friso-van de bos’ (2020) study? What could they do to improve?
They used multiple regression analysis so could used mixed effects - did justify as used dominance analysis
Teacher self report - parent report as well?
Better cog inhibition task that is less demanding such as day/night task
What was Tamis-LaMonda (2001) investigating?
Whether maternal responsiveness predicted language milestones in children
What was the result of Tamis-LaMonda’s (2001) study?
Maternal responsiveness was predictive of all language milestones
Vocalisations alone not predictive - intention must be embedded and supportive social environment
Mother’s responses to vocalisations at 9 months was predictive of 4/5 language milestones
What is a limitation of Tamis-LaMonda’s (2001) study?
- Only small sample of observation = 2 10 minute sessions
- Limited generalizability
What did Foley et al (2022) investigate?
If parental mind-mindedness predicted mother, father and infant conversational turns
What was the result from Foley et al’s (2022)
What did Survival Analysis from Tamis-LaMonda’s study show? (2001)
Those grouped with high maternal responsiveness, their infants reached first imitation and first word first before the low maternal responsiveness group
