tools and history Flashcards
Baroque Period
17th and 18th centuries
art and flowers no longer just for church and wealthy
gaudy and over-decorated contianers
lots of curved lines
aluminum wire
available in 12, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 30 gauge
strong and malleable
adds impact to structures and stabilizes them
available in: gold, silver, copper, black, brown, red, pink, strong, pink, purple, blue, turquoise and lime green
ribbon scissors
(ribbon with with wire requires scissors with serration)
no serration
smooth edge
long blade
very sharp
Contianers of Egyptain Period
wide-mouthed contianer which held more than percieved
made from pottery, gold, slate, and alabaster (shell and quartz like), and faience
Egyptain Period Styles
Simplistic arrangements with repetion of flower type and/or color choice
fan-shaped with rows of different types of flowers
used what was available (such as fruits)
bright colors preferred but primary most often used because they were available
Flowers of Egyptain Period–lotis
Lotis flower/ water lily most popular flower because it was the flower of Isis–usually given in honor/not for everyday; used in processions and ceremonies
Flowers were placed in low bowls filled with water
Greek Period
600 to 146 BC
very few ‘arrangements’
garlands, chaplets, cornucopias, wreaths etc were used on special occasions
petals thrown on ground for almost every occasion
Roman Period
28 BC- 325 AD
blossoms and petals scattered for ceremonies (mostly rose)
olive branches used in religious ceremonies
humble jug
holds a few stems of flowers
mostly for religious ceremonies
Epergne
container that holds arrangement with one large center dish and a few small dishes comming off the side
holds fruits or flowers
used as a centerpiece
Commerical American Design
2010
CTs floral industry includes:
600 independent flower shops
90 mass Market Florists
50 Freelance Florists (flower arranging as a side job)
40 growers and suppliers (of tools)
total sales annually: $150 million
pan melt glue on oasis
dip bottom of dry piece of foam in melted glue and place in container (glue wont stick to wet piece)
then soak foam and dish on an angle
dont use on glass containers
English-Gregorian Period
1700s
named after kings george I,II,III
flower fragarance was important becuase it was thought to ward off disease
Victorian Era styles
groups of large masses of flowers in compact design
no true center
created first set of ‘rules’
Ribbon is important because
it adds a higher (or lower) percieved value to the arrangement based on the quality of the bow
Ribbon materials
lace cotton velvet satin nylon acetate plastic burlap papertwist polypropylene (10 types)
when wholesaler gets flowers…
unload in cold storage area (40-50F) with high humidity levels
then unpacked, inspected (for bugs, diseases, damage), processed and repacked into smaller bunches
stored in coolers 36-38F ex. tropical at 50F
precooling
the process that replaces the warm air in a box of flowers with refrigerated air
important becuase flowers are using food storage supplies to create energy to sustian life and are giving off heat which will quicke life preoceses
plant cells that are filled with water are called
turgid
corsage and boutonniere accessories
includes boutonniere and corsage pins, bags and peal pins may include corsage wristbands
wire snips
spring action handle with short blades
used to cut heavy duty wire, and corsage and boutonniere stems
purpose of floral food
provide sugar (sucrose and dextrose)
lower ph (make more acidic) so it can take up water faster
kill bacteria
rehydration
most important step
flowers are dry packed and must be quickly rehydrated
floral food has a rehydration component whic makes flowers 3.5 acidic
Floral foam should be ——- above the rim of the container except when you need it to be higher
1/2 in to 1 in
most grower harvest when?
at first light
basic goal of chemicals in fresh flower production
increase flowers life
most flowers in the US are shipped from
foriegn countries
transpiration can be reduced by
low humidity environment
avoiding over-handling flowers
avoiding drafts
how a retailer orders flowers for wedding
call rep and tell her how many flowers, what kind, and when
rep will contact wholesaler who will contact broker who will contact bidder
after bunches are separated they are
tied w/ elastic and put in sleeves to prevent tangling of heads
floral scissors
for cutting ribbon and wire
long, slender blade
serrated edges should only be used on wire
flower grade quality is based on
stem length and flower size (goes up by 10cm incraments)
flowers usually imported via— and go to
plane or boat
major air or boat ports
floral preservatives
used to extend shelf life of fresh flowers
replenishes food source
lowers ph
reduces bacterial growth
best product for cut flowers
created commercially
stem strippers
used to remove thorns and leaves from stems
needs to be used carefully to prevent stripping bark from stems
anchor tape
comes in white and green
waterproof and pressure sensitive (sticks to a surface when force is applied to it)
also known as waterproof tape
for holding wet or dry foam in place
how a retailer orders flowers
go to wholesaler website
call rep who works at wholesalers
always give foam
plenty of time to sink
Flower symbolism
art represented religous history
rose: sacred/ undying love
White lily; fertility
types of ribbon
single faced (acetate)
double faced (satin)
curling ribbon
satin ribbon
easiest to work with
most commonly used for **weddings **
foam should be left to – until the block has– —
sink; stopped bubbling
2 ways of tinting
externally: floral spray paint, or floral dip
interally: add dye to solution flower is soaking in
American Victorian
1845-1900
copied European Victorian styles
1862- garden clubs, which helped people see the importance of horticulture, begin
Epergne
put similar flowers
in the sam percona
types of floral sleeves
plastic, paper and cardboard
floral stem tape
activated only when stretched
adheres to itself
comes in a variety of colors
used to create corsages, bouquets, headpieces, boutonnieres and nosegays
Egyptian period floral design began in the year
2800 BC
how are flowers packed
roses and carns: horizontal
orchids and lilys: vertical
specialty flowers: damp shredded newspaper
bows give an arrangement a – look
finished (also expensive)
storage containers
may include a wet pack for flowers with longer stems
can be used for smaller amounts of flowers
used to display flowers in coolers
exception for floral prepping steps
leatherleaf
if there are dry areas in your foam and the end of a flower stem lands in it, it will not
draw water
floral foam knifes
extra long blade
used to cut foam bricks
a bow should be used to – an arrangement and not:
accent; draw attiention away from flowers
HIghest countries for flower consumption
Germany, US, France, Switzerland, Holland, Great Britian, Austria, Belgium, Sweden (top 9)
stem blockage
xylem becomes clogged and no water movement can occur
most common cause of poor absorbtion
the Renaissance period took place in the
14th century
more salt in water=
harder for plant to take it up
flowers will burn
top 5 worldwide fresh flower exporters
colombia, ecuador, netherlands, isreal, italy
plants wilt becuase
cells have lost water
major floral crops shipped to the US
roses, carnations, mums, babys breath, alstromaria
basic steps of prepping flowers
undo boxes
take all bunches of flowers out of boxes
check invoice
prep percona
take plastic and elastic off flowers
check qualtiy/ health of flowers
pull off bottom leaves
clean cut bottom of each stem
immediately put in water
(9 steps)
Renaissance Design Style
large elaborate containers
based on mass/ large quantity of flowers
no visible stems
visablly symmetrical/ balanced
triangular or cone-shaped
also: single stem of lily in humble jug
hydrogen ions do what to cut flowers
slow down process of plant taking up water
therefore add acid because lower ph= less hydrogen
Egyptian Period
2800-28 BC
Oldest time period of floral aranging
common signs of ethelene exposure
yellowing leaves
dropped florets
fallen petals
prevented by ethelene inhibitors
cornucopia
started during greek period
stood straight up and needed something to hold it up
held flowers or fruits
symbolized abundance
“horn of plenty’
Colonial Style
1714-1780
focus on boquets
used massed, rounded or fan-shaped
picked out of garden but trying to make look nice
casual, open, homespun style
Gregorian Period Styles
nosegays and tussie-mussies
wearable flowers
formal and symmetrical
size 9 ribbon
best for everything except corsages
floral arranging first began in the country of
Egypt
floral wire
sizes include: 20, 22, 24, 26 and 30 gauge
used to lengthen and strengthen stems and make bows
for corsages, arrangements, wreaths and swag holders
from grower to retailer
foriegn grower
truck or plane
auction
broker (flowers do not go here)
plane (or boat or truck)
wholesaler
transportation
retailer
consumer
waterproof clay
waterproof once its been used
for sticking containers together
Victorian Era
named after queen victoria (1837-1901)
flower arranging first officially recognised as an art
broker
handles functions between buyers and selers at the auctions (sells flowers to wholesalers for the bidder who immediately contacts broker after purchase)
on floral foam, always use a –, never break or snap because:
knife
it will make the edges uneven and messy and make designing difficult
must use a – bucket to avoid– –
clean; bacteria growth
cut foam in a – with either a – knife or a – knife so that:
straight edge; foam; floral
container will fit better
Art Nouveau
1890-1910 in Europe and America
Curvilinear lines
Asymetrical
all lines are curved
symbolic of nature
Fluorocarbons
molecules composed wholly of carbon and fluorine
major US flower producing states
California, Florida, Colorado, Hawaii
the geometric mass design time period took place in the 1960s and 1970s it was known for
tight geometric bouquets
there should be enough water so that the blocks of foam can – freely
float
clear tape
adheres to dry surface and remains in place even when exposed to moisture
used to make grids for flowers in vases
Early American Style
really a lack of style
focus on usefulness
plants were grown for food or medical purposes and put into jugs to extend life
often dried afterward
for ribbons: the larger the number,
the wider the ribbon
industry standards dictate what sizes mean
the Netherlands are the largest–
flower distributer
only cut the – of foam you–
amout; need
Geometric Mass Design
1960s and 1970s
psycadelic
color-blocking
angular shapes
tight geometic boquets
comined mass and line
for formal occasions, ribbon with a – texture is used
finer
how are flowers conditioned
placed in floral preservative solution
allow to sit at room temp for 2-3 hr
place in cooler set at 34-38F with high humidity and constant light
storage in retial shops
stored in perconas in walk-in coolers
low temps, high humidity
bullion wire
usually 28 gauge
adds sparkle and shine
great for wrapping stems to add a colorful flair
bud opening
speed up bud opening process by letting flowers sit in solution which contians sugar and a germicide (fights bacteria & diseases)
flowers need to be in a warm well-lit area when in use
glue guns
available in high and low temperature
styles sticks come in 1/4 in and 1/2 in
used on supplies not flowers
Renaissance Period
14th century/1300s
period after middle ages
arts flourised
starts in Italy and spreads throughout Europe
Art Deco Style
1920s-1930s
strong, geometric lines
minimalistic
