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plant Science 2 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

three particle sizes typically found in the mineral matter of soils

A

sand (.05-2mm)
silt (.002-.05mm)
clay (smaller than .002mm)

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2
Q

Why is air needed in soil

A

keep it light

allow the roots to burrow down in it

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3
Q

how can you improve the condition of soil to allow more air to be contained within a soil profile

A

add sand (or perlite in potting soil) which increases porosity

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4
Q

what value do soil microbes add to the quality of the soil

A

add nutrients

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5
Q

why is understanding good soil health important for someone who is considering a career in working with plants

A

good soil results in healthy plants and to have a successful career, ones plants must be healthy

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6
Q

clay

A

the smallest soil particle

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7
Q

horizon

A

a layer of soil

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8
Q

loam

A

mixture of different soil particles

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9
Q

organic matter

A

animals and plants

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10
Q

permeability

A

water moving downward in the soil

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11
Q

porosity

A

voids or openings in the soil

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12
Q

structure grade

A

how defined or clearly shaped a soil ped is

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13
Q

structure type

A

the shape in which soil pets are formed

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14
Q

if a soil appears to be of poor quality because plants do not grow well, is hard as a rock when dry and the water stands on the surface and does not soak into the soil when it rains what is the problem

A

the soil has too much clay resulting in saturated soil and a lack of porosity

in order to add air space/porosity sand should be added

to help with water availability silt should be added

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15
Q

Agronomy

A

the specialization of ag concerned with the theory and practice of field-crop production and soil management
THE SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF LAND

soil conservation researcher
soil scientist
crop farmer- corn, soybeans, wheat

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16
Q

Arboriculture

A

growing and caring for trees in urban cities
also, cultivation of woody plants particularly those used for decoration and shade

tree trimmer
christmas tree farmer
landscaping

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17
Q

Botany

A

the science of plants

museum historian
plant researcher-DNA research
Plant researcher- environment of plants

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18
Q

floriculture

A

the cultivation of plants and their flowers

wholesale fresh flower market
florist
flower grower

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19
Q

forestry

A

the sciences, arts and business practices of crafting, conserving and managing natural resources on land designated as forests

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20
Q

horticulture

A

the science of agriculture that relates to the cultivation of gardens or orchards including the growing of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and ornamental shrubs and trees

extension agent
food
ornamental flower arrangements

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21
Q

orchard

A

grove of fruit or nut trees

arial spray service technician
fruit stand
apiary

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22
Q

three crops grown in our local area

A

apples
vegetables
tobacco

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23
Q

two factors that determine why certain crops are grown in area and not northern Canada

A

temp

soil quality

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24
Q 
corn is usually considered a:
food
fiber
 fuel
medicine
aesthetic
A

food and fuel

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25
Q

how do plants benefit animals in terms of gas exchange during photosynthesis

A

plants turn the carbon dioxide that animals exhale into oxygen that animals need to survive

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26
Q

soil has 4 components that make up the whole:

A

45% mineral components, 5% organic matter, and 50% bet air and water

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27
Q

sand

A 
.05-2 mm
round shape
gritty feel
adds porosity
reduces water holding capacity
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28
Q

silt

A 
.002- .05 mm
round shape but very small to detect
flour-like
smooth but not sticky
moderate porosity
helps water holding capacity
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29
Q

clay

A 
less than .002 mm
flat or platy
cannot be seen with the naked eye
sticky when wet (ribbon test)
bad for porosity(fit together tightly because they r so small)
locks in water and plants can't use it
(need sand/silt for water availability)
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30
Q

when soil particles cling together in an arrangement known as a – it is called —

A

ped; structure

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31
Q

two considerations must be made for soil structure

A

structure type

structure grade

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32
Q

structureless types

A

MASSIVE & SINGLE GRAIN
two extremes in terms of effects on permeability
neither present great conditions

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33
Q

massive structureless type

A

compact coherent soil not separated into peds of any kind

usually in clayey soils

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34
Q

structure grade

A

determines soil quality– stronger grade = better quality

how strongly the ped is held together

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35
Q

four grades of structure

A

strong, moderate, weak, and structureless

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36
Q

good structure provides more or less aeration/ pore space

A

more

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37
Q

—– is important for forming soil structure

A

organic matter

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38
Q

effective depth

A

the zone which plant roots can easily grow (the deeper the better)

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39
Q

barriers for root growth are caused by

A 
massive soils
dense soil structure
poor internal drainage
abrupt texture changes between horizons
gravely and large sands
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40
Q

areas with high rainfall cause soils to become – because water leaches — — away

A

acidic; hydroxyl ions

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41
Q

however in arid (desert) regions the lack of rainfall can cause the other extreme in soil chemistry:

A

salinity

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42
Q

soil salts combine with common soil elements:

A 
magnesium 
calcium
chloride
sulfates
sodium (obviously)
fertilizer
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43
Q

how salt accumulates in farmland

A

occur naturally from weathering of parent material (original bedrock below soil)

44
Q

dry conditions allow salt to accumulate because

A

salt is not leached downward by rainfall

45
Q

poor drainage causes water to

A

not filter through the soil and be evaporated leaving salts behind

46
Q

fertilizer and some irrigation water contains salt compounds; plenty of water is needed to

A

flush salts from plant pots

47
Q

plants have varied — to salt levels based on species but generally high salt content will affect:

A

tolerance;

water uptake & availability of nutrients

48
Q

how to fix the problem/ adjust salinity on farmland:

A

improve drainage
supply ample irrigation
apply gypsum
add mulches

49
Q

how to fix the problem/ adjust salinity in greenhouses

A

easier to manage if you monitor salinity levels and:
use overhead irrigation methods
neutralize salinity in potting media at the time of mixing
use organic fertilizers (manure/ compost)

50
Q

salinity can be monitored by

A

measuring the electrical conductivity of soil (because salt conducts electricity)

51
Q

environmental factors which influence where certain crops grow include:

A

frost free periods/ growing season
mean average temp
rainfall

52
Q

relationship bet plants and animals

A

animals eat plant material
plants restore oxygen to the air animals breathe
decaying animal products support plant life in the form of nutrients

53
Q

plants use the energy from the sunlight to convert raw materials from earth into:

A

carbs
fats
oils

54
Q

plants use – – from the air and convert it into –

A

carbon dioxide; oxygen

55
Q

the process of food production and – — is called:

A

gas conversion; photosynthesis

56
Q

some ways humans use plant material

A 
food
feed for livestock
fiber
fuel
medicine
aesthetic value
57
Q

current issues facing the supply of plant products include:

A

global human population
demand for biofuels
urban growth
water resources

58
Q

some solutions for plant producing issues include:

A 
alternative energy (wind, solar, water)
crops that need less water (genetically modified)
59
Q

two principals that define soil and water relationships (determine quality of soil) are;

A

permeability

water holding capacity

60
Q

permeability

A

the rate water moves through soil
depends on:
texture, structure, organic matter (porosity)

61
Q

pores in the soil are created by:

A

roots and other organic matter (decaying substances)
animals
soil particle size & fit

62
Q

rapid permeability rate

A

texture: sand and silts
structure: strong/ well defined
porosity: porous

63
Q

slow permeability rate:

A

texture: clays
structure; weak and massive
porosity: not porous

64
Q

water holding capacity is

A

the availability of water retained by soil particles

65
Q

water holding capacity mainly depends on

A

texture

66
Q

water holding capacity is improved by

A

organic matter

67
Q

high water holding capacity

A

texture: silts, loams and clays

organic matter: present

68
Q

low water holding capacity

A

texture: sands

organic matter: absent

69
Q

plants – use all soil water

A

can’t

70
Q

available water is

A

free for the plant’s use

71
Q

unavailable water is

A

held too tightly by clay particles and surface tension

72
Q

saturated soils

A

have excessive water that will run off, increasing erosion concerns

73
Q

why are there so many types of industries involved with plants

A

plants are thoroughly involved with many aspects of our everyday life
&
there are many areas of plants to be studied

74
Q

landscape management

A

to beautify terrain with the plantings of trees, shrubs and flowering herbs; walks with ornamental features such as rock drives, gardens, bog gardens, water fountains, pools etc

landscape designer
landscaper
topiaries

75
Q

nursery

A

any place for plants, shrubs and trees are grown either for transplanting or as grading stocks

greenhouse manager
nursery greenhouse
bartlett

76
Q

research

A

all effort directed toward increased knowledge of natural phenomena and the environment and toward the solution of problems in fields of science. this includes basic applied research; much of the agricultural productivity of the US is directly the result of applying research

DNA technician
drought resistance
genetically altering a plant

77
Q

willow tree and aloe are examples of

A

medicine from plants

78
Q

fuel from plants (list 4)

A

trees
sugarcane
compress fossilized plants
corn

79
Q

fiber from plants (list 8)

A 
cotton
silk
hemp
flax
straw
grass
80
Q

why are a large number of cattle an hogs raised in the midwest

A

much more land which is unpopulated and it is hard to grow plants

81
Q

single grain ped rate of permeability & structure grade

A

rapid; structureless

82
Q

granular ped rate of permeability & structure grade

A

moderate; moderate

83
Q

blocky ped rate of permeability & structure grade

A

moderate; moderate

84
Q

platy ped rate of permeability & structure grade

A

very slow; strong

85
Q

prismatic ped rate of permeability & structure grade

A

moderate; weak

86
Q

massive ped rate of permeability & structure grade

A

very slow; structureless

87
Q

tilling soil using a tractor and plow would be detrimental to soil structure in what way?

A

it would destroy whatever soil structures are there and would result in poor balance in soil drainage/absorption

88
Q

why does structure grade contribute to soil quality

A

determines water flowability, which, in turn, greatly affects the growth of plants

89
Q

ped types

A

single grain, granular, blocky, platy, prismatic, massive

90
Q

how do differences in soil characteristics affect the diversity and quantity of soil organisms

A

a soil richer in moisture and nutrients will have more organisms that a poor, dry soil

91
Q

why would a desert soil contain fewer soil organisms than a rainforest soil? list three reasons

A

more moisture would allow more organisms to survive
high content of organic matter would provide more food
smaller ped size/ more pores allow for more movement

92
Q

best test of soil when checking for porosity, permeability and water holding capacity

A

run a measured amount of water through the soil, tracking how long it takes, how much water is absorbed, and how much makes it through

93
Q

trade-off between increasing permeability and improving water holding capacity

A

if water travels through the soil too quickly the plant might not have a chance to get the water it needs; if it holds too much the ground will eventually flood causing erosion

94
Q

can you have too much organic matter in soil

A

yes with too much organic matter soil will lack nutrients as well as air and water space

95
Q

problems with very rocky soil

A

too much pore space causing water to move through too quickly and the plant will not be able to get the water it needs

96
Q

ph determines:

A

the availability of certain nutrients

97
Q

with a low ph a plant will not be able to absorb:

A

phosphorus which will lower the productivity of the plant

98
Q

chemical nature of basic substance

A

high concentration of hydrogen

99
Q

how do u adjust the ph level of soils

A

add lime to make soil more alkaline and sulfur to make it more acidic

100
Q

what affect would a high or low ph have on a famers crop

A

nutrients would be unavailable

101
Q

rain or irrigation water will leach out elements causing the soil to become:

A

acidic

102
Q

what will happen if you over-fertilize with a chemical fertilizer

A

salinity level will rise and could result in the death of plants

103
Q

how do you correct high salinity levels

A

water plant from overhead

104
Q

if crops are not growing normally, and lack green color,and then fertilizer is added but leaves the problem worsening , explain why PH could be a contributing factor

A

an incorrect pH level will result in crops not being able to get the nutrients they need. too much fertilizer will alter PH

105
Q

What does a continuous overdose of fertilizer do to the soil

A

ph level will worsen, salinity level could rise, and crops will eventually die by lack of nutrients

106
Q

how do you prevent a high salinity content in soil or potting media

A

water container from overhead

wash salts through the soil column

plant Science 2 (6 decks)

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