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623: Physical Agents & Mech Modalities > Tone Abnormalities > Flashcards

Tone Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

the passive resistance to stretch of a muscle

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2
Q

What is Hypotonicity?

A

low muscle tone

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3
Q

What is Hypertonicity?

A

high muscle tone

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4
Q

What is clonus?

A

multiple rhythmic oscillations of involuntary movement

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5
Q

What is Dyskinesia?

A

Any type of abnormal movement that is involuntary and has no purpose

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6
Q

What is Dystonia?

A

involuntary sustained muscle contraction usually resulting in abnormal postures or repetitive twisting movements

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7
Q

What is chorea?

A

dance-like, sharp, jerky movements

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8
Q

What is ballismus?

A

ballistic or large throwing-type movements

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9
Q

What is tremor?

A

low-amplitude, high-frequency oscillating movements

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10
Q

What are athetoid movements?

A

worm-like writhing movements

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11
Q

When are ATNR and STNR are typically visible?

A

during infancy and in patients who have neurological deficits

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12
Q

Describe the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

When the face is turned to one side, the arm and leg on the side to which the face is turned extend and the arm and leg on the opposite side flex

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13
Q

Describe the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)

A

when the head and neck are extended infants assume the crawl position by extending the arms and bending the knees

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14
Q

Describe symmetrical tonic labyrinth reflex (STLR)

A

When the head is tilted back while lying on the back causes the back to stiffen and even arch backwards, the legs to straighten, stiffen, and push together, the toes to point, the arms to bend at the elbows and wrists, and the hands to become fisted or the fingers to curl

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15
Q

What is muscle midrange?

A

the length at which a muscle can generate the greatest amount of force or tension

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16
Q

A lengthened sarcomere = how much overlap?

A

No overlap

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17
Q

A shortened sarcomere = how much overlap?

A

too close for overlap

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18
Q

Neurons transmit signal via what?

A

Neurotransmitters

19
Q

Describe muscle spindles

A

Found inside the muscle, parallel to mm fibers that send action potential through type Ia sensory neurons

20
Q

Describe GTOs

A

Detect stretch on the muscle

Protect from over-stretch

21
Q

Quick, light touch, Manual contact, Brushing, and Quick icing use cutaneous receptors to ____ muscle tone.

A

increase

22
Q

Slow stroking, Maintained hold, Neutral warmth, and Prolonged icing use cutaneous receptors to ____ muscle tone.

A

decrease

23
Q

Slow, repetitive and maintained nature of the stimuli leads to what?

A

adaptation by cutaneous receptors

24
Q

What are propriospinal pathways?

A

Pathways that receive input from peripheral afferent and help produce synergies (particular patterns of movement)

25
Q

Volitional movement originates via what?

A

sensation, an idea, a memory or external stimulus

26
Q

What is primarily responsible for voluntary contraction, esp. fine motor function?

A

Corticospinal tract

27
Q

Volitional movement involves processing through connections where?

A

In the Basal ganglia

28
Q

Dysfunction of any of the nuclei of the BG is associated with what?

A

abnormal tone and disordered movement

29
Q

What do the Vestibulospinal Tracts (VSTs) do?

A

Help regulate posture and facilitate antigravity AMNs of the trunk and LEs to keep the body upright

30
Q

What do the Reticulospinal Tracts (RSTs) do?

A
  • Receive input from vision, auditory, vestibular and somatosensory system, motor cortex, cerebellum, ANS, and hypothalamus
  • Regulate responses to reflexes according to the context of current movement
  • Produce bilateral synergies in the UEs
31
Q

The limbic system influences movement via the ____ and _____

A

Reticulospinal Tracts (RSTs) and the Basal Ganglia

32
Q

What does hypotonicity result form?

A

loss of normal AMN input to normal muscles

33
Q

What is the result of alpha motor neuron damage?

A

Electrochemical impulses will not reach mm fibers
Flaccid paralysis – no tone, no mm activation
Denervation – removal of neuronal input
Paresis – reduction in activation of motor units

34
Q

What do strokes, MS, and TBIs alter (hypotonicity)?

A

Supraspinal Input

35
Q

What are the consequences of hypotonicity?

A
  • Decreased force output for posture or movement

- Poor posture

36
Q

What are the consequences of hypertonicity?

A
  • Discomfort/pain from muscle spasm
  • Contractures
  • Abnormal postures leading to skin breakdown
  • Increased assistance required by patient for ADLs
  • Stereotypical movement patterns that could inhibit alternative movement solutions
  • Possible development of functional limitations
37
Q

What are the 2 causes of hypertonicity?

A

1) Supraspinal lesions (CVA, CP, etc.)

2) Parkinson’s Disease

38
Q

3 examples of peripheral inputs that can lead to hypertonicity

A

Pain, Cold, Stress

39
Q

What is rigidity a consequence of?

A

CNS pathology

40
Q

2 Patterns of Rigidity

A

1) Decorticate posture

2) Decerebrate posture

41
Q

Decorticate posture vs. Decerebrate posture

A

1) Decorticate posture leads to the flexion posturing of the UEs and extensor posturing of the LEs
2) Decerebrate posture leads to extensor posturing of both the LEs and UEs and usually death

42
Q

Where is the disinhibtion in decorticate posture and where in decerebrate posture

A

1) Decorticate posture is disinhibition above the red nuclei in the brain stem (less serious)
2) Decerebrate posture is disinhibition below the red nuclei in the brain stem (more serious)

43
Q

Decorticate posturing indicates that there may be damage to what?

A

The cerebral hemispheres, the internal capsule, the thalamus and midbrain

44
Q

What does decerebrate posturing indicate?

A

brain stem damage

623: Physical Agents & Mech Modalities (17 decks)

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