Token Economy

Question 1

token economy is based on…

Answer 1

operant conditioning

Question 2

it is a _ system

Answer 2

reward

Question 3

it reduces patterns of _ behaviours such as not having a shower

Answer 3

maladaptive

Question 4

a token is a _ reinforcer

Answer 4

generalised

Question 5

the more rewards to choose from, the _ powerful the token, so it becomes more _

Answer 5

more, effective

Question 6

stage one is pairing a token with a rewarding _, the token is a _ reinforcer

Answer 6

stimuli, secondary

Question 7

stage two: the pp engage in the ‘_’ behaviour and reduce _ behaviours

Answer 7

‘target’, inappropriate

Question 8

stage 3: the pp is given a token for _ behaviour

Answer 8

target

Question 9

stage 4: the pp can _ the token for a desirable item

Answer 9

trade

Question 10

Reinforcing target behaviours: Sran and Borrero compared ?, and found…

Answer 10

compared tokens of single rewards options versus multiple options, found higher rates of response for multiple options

Question 11

The trade: Kazdin said effectiveness may _ if time passes between the _ and _

Answer 11

decrease, presentation of the token, exchange for rewards

Question 12

Assigning value to the tokens: during early stages, the reward must be _ presented

Answer 12

immediately

Question 13

Evaluation- research support: who? reviewed _ studies of TE for Sz. results? but studies had _ problems

Answer 13

Dickerson et al reviewed 13 studies of TE for Sz. they found it had beneficial effects showing effectiveness, but studies had methodological problems

Question 14

Evaluation- difficulties assessing success of TE: who? suggests studies are often _, usually all pp’s are involved and there is no _. therefore? and other factors may be involved e.g…

Answer 14

Comer suggests studies are often uncontrolled, usually all pp’s are involved and there is no control group. therefore no comparisons can be made and other factors may be involved e.g. increased staff attention

Question 15

Evaluation- hospital setting: who? suggests it is less useful for _ (why?) and only people in _ can be controlled. so it is hard to maintain results beyond a _ environment

Answer 15

Corrigan suggests it is less useful for outpatients as it can only be used a couple of hours per day for them and only people in 24hr care can be controlled. so it is hard to maintain results beyond a hospital environment

Question 16

Evaluation- ethical concerns: may need control over important _ reinforcers such as (2 e.g.s) all humans have _ that can’t be violated regardless of positive consequences that may be achieved

Answer 16

may need control over important primary reinforcers such as food and privacy all humans have basic rights that can’t be violated regardless of positive consequences that may be achieved