Psychological explanations for Schizophrenia

Question 1

name the 2 explanations of family dysfunction

Answer 1

double bind theory and expressed emotion

Question 2

who suggested double bind theory

Answer 2

bateson et al

Question 3

how does the double bind theory suggest children acquire Sz

Answer 3

frequent contradictory messages from parents

Question 4

contradictions incapacitate a child’s ability to… which prevents the development of an…

Answer 4

respond

internally coherent construction of reality

Question 5

what is expressed emotion

Answer 5

a family communication style where family members talk about the patient in a critical or hostile manner/a way that suggests over-concern

Question 6

who suggested high ee leads to Sz

Answer 6

kuipers et al

Question 7

people with high EE talk… and listen…, high EE can influence…

Answer 7

talk more and listen less, it can influence relapse rates

Question 8

people with Sz have a… tolerance for high EE, negative emotional climate lead to… that a patient cannot cope with

Answer 8

Sz patients have a low tolerance for high EE, negative emotional climates leads to stress

Question 9

what sort of environment will help an Sz patient

Answer 9

supportive and emotionally undemanding

Question 10

cognitive explanations of delusions - patient’s experiences are controlled by _ thought processes. an individual perceives themselves as the _ of _ so thinks e.g. muffled voices are directed at themselves. they are unwilling to think they are _ so can’t recognise _ and substitute more _ explanations

Answer 10

cognitive explanations of delusions - patient’s experiences are controlled by inadequate thought processes. an individual perceives themselves as the centre of attention so thinks e.g. muffled voices are directed at themselves. they are unwilling to think they are wrong so can’t recognise distortions and substitute more realistic explanations

Question 11

cognitive explanations for hallucinations - who? suggests hallucination prone people find it hard to distinguish between / perception which produces an _ image that feels real. hallucinations means people are more likely to _ the source of - voices to an _ source than non-hallucinating people. what is hyper-vigilance?

Answer 11

cognitive explanations for hallucinations - Aleman suggests hallucination prone people find it hard to distinguish between sensory/imagery perception which produces an auditory image that feels real. hallucinations means people are more likely to misattribute the source of self-generating voices to an external source than non-hallucinating people. hyper vigilance is when people focus attention on what they can hear to have a higher expectancy to hear voices than normal people

Question 12

who limits expressed emotion explanation saying environment must play a role due to adoption studies

Answer 12

tienari et al

Question 13

what does tienari et al find

Answer 13

children with Sz parents were more likely to become ill than those without Sz parents. however, the condition only emerged if the adopted family was rated disturbed, genetics alone was not sufficient

Question 14

what did Berger find to support double bind theory

Answer 14

people with Sz recalled more experiences of double bind statements from their mums than non-Sz people

Question 15

what is a problem with Berger’s findings

Answer 15

may be unreliable if sz affects recall

Question 16

how did Liem counter argue Berger’s support

Answer 16

he measured parental communication patterns in families with and without a child with sz and found no difference.

Question 17

how did Hall and Levin counter argue Berger’s support

Answer 17

found no difference between families with and without a child with sz in verbal and non-verbal communication agreement

Question 18

who demonstrated individual differences in response to high EE (2) and how

Answer 18

Altorfer - 25% patients studied showed no psychological responses to stressful comments from relatives
Lebelll et al - how patients appraise relatives behaviour is important, when high EE was not perceived as stressful they can do well regardless of the environment rating

Question 19

who found supporting evidence for the cognitive model of sz? supporting evidence that _ symptoms come from faulty cognition. delusional p’s show many _ in info processing e.g. jump to conclusions. hallucinating p’s have impaired - and tend to experience thoughts as _. found _ symptoms linked to faulty thought processes and have _ expectations of success.

Answer 19

Sarrin and Wallin - supporting evidence that positive symptoms come from faulty cognition. delusional p’s show many biases in info processing e.g. jump to conclusions. hallucinating p’s have impaired self-monitoring and tend to experience thoughts as voices. found negative symptoms linked to faulty thought processes and have low expectations of success.

Question 20

what are the practical applications

Answer 20

has lead to CBTp which is very effective

Question 21

where has treatment support come from and what did it say

Answer 21

NICE review found consistent evidence that CBTp was more effective than antipsychotics in reducing symptom severity and improving social functioning

Question 22

why is the cognitive explanation reductionist

Answer 22

only explains aspects e.g. cognitive impairment and ignores biological explanations

Question 23

who suggested an integrated model of sz and what is this

Answer 23

Howes and Murray
early vulnerability factors (genes) with exposure to social stressors, sensitises the dopamine system causing the increase of dopamine released. this leads to biased cognitive processing and paranoia which creates hallucinations - leads to more stress therefore more symptoms develop