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ESA 1 Revision > TOB Session 6 > Flashcards

TOB Session 6 Flashcards

Skin

1
Q

What variations can you have in the macroscopic structure of the skin?

A

Colour (e.g. Ethnicity, Site, UV exposure)
Hair (e.g. Site, Sex, Age, Ethinicity)
Thickness (e.g. Site)
Laxity/Wrinkling (e.g. Site, Age, UV Exposure)
Oiliness (e.g. Puberty, Site)

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2
Q

Name three skin diseases that can be influenced by some of these macroscopic variations

A

Vitiligo
Alopecia Areata
Melanoma (Skin Cancer)

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3
Q

What is Vitiligo?

A

Depigmentation of Skin, less of a problem in fair skinned people. It is an autoimmune disorder where the melanocytes are attacked. There are no effective treatments.

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4
Q

What is Alopecia Areata?

A

An autoimmune response leading to hairloss. There are no effective treatments..

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5
Q

What is a malignant melanoma?

A

An invasive tumour of melanocytes. The cells divide rapidly, penetrating the basal lamina and eventually invading the blood and lymphatic vessels to distribute throughout the body.

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6
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

A 
Horny Layer (Stratum Corneum)
Granular Layer (Stratum Granulosum)
Prickle Cell Layer (Stratum Spinosum)
Basal Layer (Stratum Basale)
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7
Q

Describe the process of kerantinocyte differentiation.

A

Keratinocyte mitosis begins in the basal layer. Daughter keratinocytes move up into the prickle cell layer where they lose their ability to divide and terminal differentiation begins. They lose their plasma membrane in the granular layer and differentiate into corneocytes which make up the stratum corneum.

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8
Q

What do keratinocytes synthesise?

A

They synthesise keratins (heterodimeric fibrous proteins) which contribute to the strength of the epidermis and are the main constituent of hair and nails.

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9
Q

What are keratohyalin granules and where would you find them?

A

They are aggregations of keratins, other fibrous proteins and enzymes and are found in the granular layer.

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10
Q

How long does it take for a keratinocyte to move from the basal layer to the stratum corneum?

A

Approximately 30-40 days

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11
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Melanocytes are dendritic cells of neural crest origin that occur at intervals along the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes produce melanin (the skin pigment).

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12
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic cells of bone marrow origin. They present antigens to T lymphocytes and mediate immune reactions.

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13
Q

Where would you find Langerhans cells?

A

Spaced through the prickle cell layer.

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14
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

The epidermal basement membrane just below the basal layer of the epidermis. It is visible clearly with a PAS stain.

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15
Q

What are the properties of the dermis?

A

It is tough, fibrous and vascular.

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16
Q

The extracellular matrix makes up the main part of the dermis. What is this synthesised by?

A

Fibroblasts.

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17
Q

What is a fibroblast?

A

A spindle shaped cell scattered through the dermis that synthesises the extracellular matrix.

18
Q

Name 4 other components of the dermis.

A

Blood Vessels
Nerves
Mast Cells
Lymphatic Vessels

19
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

A

Collagen, Elastin and Ground Substance

20
Q

What is the main function of the dermis?

A

To bind the epidermis to the subtending connective tissue.

21
Q

Where do we find small and large blood vessels in the dermis?

A

Small blood vessels are found in the superficial dermis, large blood vessels are found deeper in the dermis.

22
Q

What is a birthmark?

A

A malformation of blood vessels.

23
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

They are distributed around dermal blood vessels in the skin.

24
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

When activated (during type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions) they release histamine, causing increased vascular permeability and leakage of plasma into extravascular sites.

25
Q

Why are cutaneous sensory nerves important?

A

To transmit sensation from the skin to the brain.

26
Q

Name 4 kinds of skin appendage

A

Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat Glands
Nails

27
Q

How do sebaceous glands secrete and what type of gland are they?

A

They are an branched alveolar/acinar gland and they secrete via holocrine secretion.

28
Q

What is the collective term for the hair follicle and sebaceous gland together?

A

Pilosebaceous unit

29
Q

How do eccrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Merocrine secretion

30
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands found and what is the sweat they secrete made up of?

A

They are found in the skin and secrete sweat made up of water and sodium chloride.

31
Q

How are eccrine sweat glands controlled?

A

They are controlled by the hypothalamus as part of thermoregulation.

32
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found and how is their secretory substance different to that of eccrine glands?

A

Apocrine glands are most abundant in axillae, genital and submammary areas. They produce odourless protein-rich apocrine secretion. Digestion of this by cutaneous microbes causes body odour.

33
Q

What are the main functions of the skin?

A

Barrier
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Psychosexual communication

34
Q

How does the skin act as a barrier?

A

The stratum corneum prevents absorption of exogenous substrates.

35
Q

How does the skin affect sensation?

A

Sensory nerves in the skin allow us to sense temperature, pain etc.

36
Q

How is the skin involved in thermoregulation?

A

Vascular thermoregulation takes place in the skin blood vessels. Dilation of the vessels leads to heat loss, constriction leads to heat conservation and pallor. The skin is also involved in eccrine sweating as part of the thermoregulatory system.

37
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Extreme proliferation of the epidermal basal layer causing thickening of the prickle cell layer and so excessive production of the stratum corneum. This causing scaling. It is thought to be T cell mediated and an autoimmune disease.

38
Q

Briefly outline what leprosy is.

A

A disease of the peripheral nerves.

39
Q

What is hyperhidrosis?

A

Excessive sweating. The cause is usually unknown and it may only affect the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

39
Q

What is hyperhidrosis?

A

Excessive sweating. The cause is usually unknown and it may only affect the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

40
Q

What is acne and how is it caused?

A

Acne is a skin disease affecting sebaceous glands. It is caused by abnormal differentiation of the sebaceous gland ducts and increased sebum production. The ducts become infected with bacteria, casing inflammation.

40
Q

What is acne and how is it caused?

A

Acne is a skin disease affecting sebaceous glands. It is caused by abnormal differentiation of the sebaceous gland ducts and increased sebum production. The ducts become infected with bacteria, casing inflammation.

ESA 1 Revision (14 decks)

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