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ESA 1 Revision > HaDPop > Flashcards

HaDPop Flashcards

1
Q

What is bias?

A

A flaw in a study where one outcome is favourerd

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2
Q

What is a confounding factor?

A

An extraneous variable that correlates with both the dependent and independent variables.

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3
Q

What is significant about the Crown Hills TB Outbreak?

A

It was the largest TB outbreak in a UK school so far.

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4
Q

What is deterministic causality?

A

Predicting future events with certainty.

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5
Q

What is stochastic causality?

A

The assessment of the likelihood of future events occurring.

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6
Q

What is population based risk?

A

How individuals infer their personal risk.

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7
Q

What can excessive use of antibiotics result in?

A

Widespread antibiotic resistance.

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8
Q

What is meant by the term “herd immunity”?

A

The strategy of some parents where the risk of their child contracting the disease is minimised solely due to the fact that other children are immunised against it. This results from perceived risks of a detrimental reaction from the immunisation leading to parents not wanting their children to be immunised e.g. MMR scandal.

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9
Q

What are the five things you should take into account when designing a prevalence survey?

A
  1. Case Definition
  2. Sampling Frame
  3. Sampling Proportion
  4. Sampling Technique
  5. Response
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10
Q

What is meant by case definition?

A

Case definition is deciding exactly what we are surveying and how it would be diagnosed and classified for the study.

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11
Q

What are the important requirements of a sampling frame?

A

A sampling frame must relate to the objectives of the survey.
It must allow selection by stratification variables.
It must be up to date and accurate.
It should be computerised.

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12
Q

Give 3 ways to minimise non-response

A

Approaching via a friendly intermediary.
Using an incentive
Using authority/status.

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13
Q

Define census

A

The simultaneous recording of demographic data by the government at a particular time, pertaining to all persons living in a defined area.

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14
Q

Why is a census useful?

A
  • Allocation of resources
  • Projections of populations
  • Trends in populations
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15
Q

What are the features of a census?

A
  • Run by government
  • Covers a defined area
  • Simultaneous throughout a defined area.
  • Occurs a regular intervals
  • Describes households and people
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16
Q

Name four things that a census is able to tell us about.

A 
(CHOOSE FOUR FROM:)
Population count
Health
Housing
Transport
Employment
Ethnic Groups
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17
Q

How is census information collected?

A

Questionnaires which can be posted back or filled out online. Non-responders risked a fine of £1000.

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18
Q

What 3 things affect population size most?

A

Births
Deaths
Migration

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19
Q

What is the difference between birth notification and birth registration?

A

Birth notification takes place at birth by the midwife to the Child Health Register.
Registration is carried out by the parent within 42 days of birth.

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20
Q

What is crude birth rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 members of the population.

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21
Q

What are the negatives of looking at crude birth rate?

A

Men, the elderly and children do not give birth.

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22
Q

What is general fertility rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 females aged 15 - 44.

23
Q

What is total period fertility rate?

A

The average number of children that would be born to a hypothetical woman in her life.

24
Q

How do you calculate total period fertility rate?

A

Add up average number of births per number of women in each age group.

25
Q

What is crude death rate?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 population.

26
Q

What is age-specific death rate?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 in a specific age group.

27
Q

What is standardised mortality ratio?

A

It compares the number of observed deaths in one population with the expected number of deaths based on another population if age-sex distributions were identical.

28
Q

How do you calculate SMR?

A

(Observed deaths / Expected deaths) x 100

29
Q

Why are death rates useful to us?

A
  • Helps us classify cause of death
  • Helps us analyse patterns in mortality rates
  • Identification of service needs
  • Identification of health problems
30
Q

Define fecundity

A

The physical ability to reproduce.

31
Q

Define fertility

A

The realisation of fecundity as births.

32
Q

What is the difference between death certification and death registration?

A

Death certification is obligatory by the attending doctor. Death registration is by a relative to the local registrar for deaths within 5 days of the death.

33
Q

What is a population estimate?

A

A population estimate applies to what we know already about births, deaths and migration in the population (up to present).

34
Q

What is a population projection?

A

An assumption about future populations based on what we already know.

35
Q

Why is fertility hard to predict?

A

Because it is based on social behaviour.

36
Q

What 2 variables affect population projections?

A

Projected migration and projected fertility rates.

37
Q

What does ONS stand for?

A

Office of national statistics

38
Q

What is a notifiable communicable disease?

A

A disease that must be notified to the Proper Officer of the Local Authority.

39
Q

Name 5 Notifiable Communical Diseases.

A

Acute encephalitis. Acute inf. hepatitis. Acute meningitis. Acute poliomyelitis. Anthrax. Botulism. Brucellosis. Cholera. Diphtheria. Food poisoning. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Infectious bloody diarrhoea. Invasive group A streptococcal disease. Legionnaire’s disease. Leprosy. Malaria. Measles. Meningococcal septicaemia. Mumps. Paratyphoid fever. Plague. Rabies. Rubella. SARS. Scarlet Fever. Smallpox. Tetanus. Tuberculosis. Typhoid fever. Typhus. Viral haemorrhagic fever. Whooping cough. Yellow fever.

40
Q

Define morbidity

A

Any departure (subjective or objective) from a state of physiological or psychological wellbeing. In this sense, sickness, illness and morbid condition are similarly defined and synonymous.

41
Q

What is ‘burden of disease’?

A

The number of people with existing disease (old and new cases)

42
Q

What is incidence rate?

A

The amount of disease developing in a population in a given times (x per person per year)

43
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The amount of people in the population with existing disease (no time variable)

44
Q

How do you calculate incidence rate?

A

(New Events of Disease) / (Persons x Time)

45
Q

What is the link between prevalence, incidence and length of disease?

A

P ~ I x L

46
Q

How do you calculate “person-years”?

A

Persons x Time (years)

47
Q

A mortality rate is a type of incidence rate. Why can it not be shown as prevalence?

A

Because it is a rate of occurrence, you cannot have an ongoing condition of “death” in a population.

48
Q

What is aetiology?

A

Cause of disease

49
Q

All cases of incidence become prevalence unless they become free of disease. What are the 2 ways someone may become free of a disease?

A

Death or Cure

50
Q

How do you calculate prevalence?

A

Number of cases / Population

51
Q

How does increasing incidence affect prevalence?

A

It increases it

52
Q

How do you calculate the Incidence Rate Ratio?

A

Rate A / Rate B

53
Q

What is the difference between incidence rate and incidence rate ratio?

A

Incidence rate is absolute risk/

IRR is relative risk

ESA 1 Revision (14 decks)

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