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ESA 1 Revision > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential components of the diet?

A

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Fibre, Vitamins, Minerals and Water

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2
Q

Why do we need fibre?

A

Because it is indigestible material that helps to maintain the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.

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3
Q

What do living cells require energy for? (Name 5 things)

A

Biosynthetic work, Transport work, Mechanical work, Electrical work and Osmotic work.

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4
Q

What is calorie equivalent to?

A

4.184 Joules

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5
Q

True or false: When covalent bonds in reacting molecules are split, energy is released.

A

False. An input of energy is required to break these bonds.

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6
Q

Where is excess dietary fuel stored?

A

As fat in adipose tissue or as glycogen in liver and muscle.

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7
Q

In the ATP-ADP cycle, what combines with ADP to make ATP?

A

An inorganic phosphate.

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8
Q

Daily Energy Expenditure is made up of three components. What are these?

A

Energy to support our basal metabolism (BMR). Energy for voluntary physical activities. Energy required to process the food we eat (diet-induced thermogenesis)

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9
Q

What is BMR?

A

BMR is a measure of the basal energy required to maintain life (the functioning of tissues at rest).

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10
Q

What are the major tissues contributing to BMR and what percentage of the BMR do they make up?

A

Skeletal Muscle (30%), CNS (20%), Liver (20%) and Heart Muscle (10%).

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11
Q

How do you calculate a rough estimate of BMR (in kJ/24hr)?

A

BMR = 100 x weight in kg (Unless the individual is obese, in which case this is unlikely to give a good estimate).

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12
Q

Why is BMR lower for women than men (on average)?

A

Because women tend to have more adipose tissue than men of the same weight, and adipose tissue has a lower metabolic activity than lean tissue.

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13
Q

Name one condition that may increase BMR.

A

Hyperthyroidism.

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14
Q

How does voluntary activity increase our daily energy expenditure?

A

More voluntary physical activity increases the activity of skeletal muscle and heart muscle so the Daily Energy Expenditure will increase.

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15
Q

What is Diet Induced Thermogenesis?

A

The energy required to process the food we eat. It is approximately equal to 10% of the energy content of the injested food.

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16
Q

What is an RDA?

A

The recommended daily allowance of a type of nutrient for an average person (e.g. protein).

17
Q

What is the energy content of a) Fat b) Carbohydrate c) Protein and d) Alcohol in kJ/g?

A

a) Fat = 37kJ/g
b) Carbohydrate = 17kJ/g
c) Protein = 17kJ/g
d) Alcohol = 27kJ/g

18
Q

In a typical western diet, how much energy is derived from fat?

A

45% of our energy requirement

19
Q

Which two types of tissues need a constant supply of glucose?

A

Brain and Red Blood Cells

20
Q

Why are fats important to the diet?

A

They have an energy yield 2.2 times greater than carbohydrates or proteins.
Fat is necessary for the absorption of vitamins A,D, E and K from the gut.
Certain fatty acids cannot be synthesised in the diet and so must be consumed (linoleic and linolenic acids).

21
Q

Why do we require proteins?

A

Proteins break down to form amino acids. These are very important in the synthesis of creatine, purines, pyrimidines and the haem part of haemoglobin.

22
Q

How do we dispose of the nitrogen of degraded amino acids?

A

It is excreted in the urine as urea.

23
Q

What is the average daily requirement of protein in an adult male?

A

Approximately 55g

24
Q

What is the average daily requirement of carbohydrate in an adult male?

A

Approximately 300g

25
Q

What is the average daily requirement of fat in an adult male?

A

Approximately 95g

26
Q

In an adult, what percentage of the body weight (approximately) is made up of water?

A

50-60%

27
Q

What is BMI and how do you calculate it?

A

BMI stands for Body Mass Index and it is used as an estimate of desirable weight.
BMI = weight (kg) / height^2 (m)

28
Q

Health professionals are beginning to use a different measurement in preference to BMI as a better measure of obesity. What is this measurement and how do you calculate it?

A

Waist to hip ratio.

This is calculated by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference to give a ratio.

29
Q

What is the BMI of the following?

a) an underweight person
b) a person of ideal weight
c) an overweight person
d) an obese person
e) a severely obese person

A

a) Underweight 35

30
Q

Name four conditions that excess body fat is associated with increasing the risk of.

A

Hypertension, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, certain caners, gall bladder disease and osteoarthritis.

31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of molecules to release energy

32
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building up molecules from smaller molecules using the energy released in catabolism.

ESA 1 Revision (14 decks)

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