Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 1 Revision > TOB Session 5 > Flashcards

TOB Session 5 Flashcards

Connective Tissue

1
Q

Define Connective Tissue.

A

Connective tissue is tissue of mesodermal origin with three basic components: cells, extracellular fibres and ground substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Supporting organs
Filling spaces between organs
Attaching muscle to bone and bone to bone.
Providing a cushion between tissues and organs
Defending against infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular, dense regular and loose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Extracellular matrix (ground substance & hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates)
Fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do different connective tissues differ from eachother?

A

Types of cells, abundance of cells, the constitution of their extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the most common cell types found in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What other cell types can be found in connective tissue (not the most common)?

A

Mesenchymal cells, plasma cells, fat cells (adipocytes) and leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

They synthesis and maintain extracellular materials. They synthesise collagen, elastic and reticular fibres and ground substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a fibrocyte?

A

A mature, less active fibroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

They are derived from monocytes. They ingest foreign material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In a) bone, b) liver and c) the CNS, what are macrophages more specifically known as?

A

a) Osteoclasts
b) Kupfer cells
c) Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are mast cells?

A

They are seen near blood vessels and release pharmacologically active molecules like histamine and heparin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Cells derived from lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a large nucleus, usually found in the lymphatic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

They store lipids and act as an insulator, as well as cushioning organs and joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What colour do adipocytes show up with most microscopy stains and why?

A

They show up clear/white because they dissolve most stains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are leukocytes responsible for?

A

The production of immunocompetent cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the extracellular matrix important?

A

It defines the function of the connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is ground substance?

A

It is a gel-like matrix in which fibres and cells are embedded. It is a viscous lubricant that acts as a barrier to pathogens. It is made up of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and glycoproteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What three kinds of fibre do you find in connective tissue?

A

Collagen, Reticular and Elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe collagen fibres and where they are synthesised.

A

They are bundles of non-elastic fibres and are synthesised on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most common type of collagen?

A

Type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are reticular fibres?

A

They are thin fibres composed of type III collagen. They make the structural framework around certain organs as well as a network around smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

They are fibres composed of amorphous protein and elastin, surrounded by fibrillin. They stretch in response to tension and are frequently found in the dermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How much can elastic fibres stretch and why?

A

Elastic fibres are able to stretch to 150% of their resting length due to its lysine content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain what loose connective tissue is and give an example.

A

It is made up of loosely packed fibres that are separated by amorphous ground substance. It can become distended in oedema. Blood is a form of Loose connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Mucous connective tissue? Give an alternative name and where it can be found.

A

Mucous connective tissue is a form of loose connective tissue also known as Wharton’s Jelly. It is found in the umbilical cord and the subdermal connective tissue of the embryo. It is mainly made up of fibroblasts in ground substance. The ground substance is soft with lots of hyaluronic acid and a mesh of collagen fibres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is areolar connective tissue?

A

A form of loose CT that we find deep under the skin. It is also in the submucosa and below the mesothelium of the peritoneum. It contains fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells. It contains mainly collagen fibres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Loose CT made up of fat cells between collagen fibres. Nuclei are pressed against the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A

Loose CT with a lot of reticular fibres (collagen type III). It forms the framework of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does dense connective tissue differ from loose connective tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue has more closely packed fibres with fewer cells and less ground substance. Dense connective tissue is better for mechanical support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give two examples of dense regular connective tissue.

A

Ligaments and Tendons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the connective tissue of a ligament.

A

It is Dense Regular CT with collagen fibres and fibroblasts. Elastic ligaments are mainly composed of elastin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does a tendon differ from a ligament?

A

The fibres are more regularly arranged and the fibroblasts are flattened. It also has fascicles (bundles of collagen and fibroblasts) separated by loose connective tissue cold endotendinium and surrounded by peritendineum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found and how is it different from dense regular?

A

It is found in the dermis, periostium, perichondrium and fibrous capsules. It is interwoven bundles of collagen that go in many directions so it can resist tension in multiple directions. It is mostly collagen with some elastic and reticular fibres.

37
Q

What is systemic sclerosis?

A

An excessive accumulation of collagen in organs.

38
Q

What is keloid?

A

Scars forming on the skin due to excessive collagen.

39
Q

What can be caused by a vitamin C deficiency and what are the symptoms?

A

Scurvy.

Connective tissue degenerates so teeth loosen in their sockets causing gum bleeding.

40
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome?

A

A genetic defect in chromosomes coding for fibrillin so the elastic tissue is abnormal. Sufferers are abnormally tall, exhibit arachnodactyly and can be at risk of aortic rupture. It is genetic and autosomal dominant.

41
Q

What is Ethlers-Danlos disease?

A

A deficiency in collagen type III (reticular fibres) causing tissue ruptures.

42
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage and Fibrocartilage

43
Q

Where does cartilage originate from?

A

It comes from mesenchyme which differentiates into chondroblasts.

44
Q

What do chondroblasts secrete?

A

They secrete the matrix, trapping the chondroblasts in the lacunae, turning them into chondrocytes.

45
Q

What does cartilage contain? (3 things)

A
  • Mesenchymal Cells
  • Collagen type I fibres
  • Ground substance
    (It does not contain inorganic substances)
46
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the cartilage. It consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer.

47
Q

In embryonic development, in which week does cartilage first appear and which type of cartilage makes up most of the skeleton?

A

In the 5th week. The skeleton is made up of hyaline cartilage.

48
Q

How does fibrocartilage differ from elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage in terms of collagen?

A

Fibrocartilage has type I collagen whereas the other two have type II collagen.

49
Q

Where might you find hyaline cartilage?

A

Foetal skeleton
Respiratory passageways
Ends of long bones (articulating surfaces)

50
Q

What is the main property and function of hyaline cartilage?

A

It is flexible & smooth to allow movement of tissues. It provides firm support.

51
Q

Where might you find elastic cartilage?

A

External ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tubes
Eustachian tube

52
Q

What is the main function of elastic cartilage?

A

Provides support and maintains structure shape.

53
Q

Where might you find fibrocartilage?

A

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Meniscus of the knee

54
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

To provide support and rigidity and prevent compression.

55
Q

Do all of the cartilage types have a perichondrium?

A

Hyaline cartilage does (but not on articular surfaces)
Elastic cartilage does
Fibrocartilage does not

56
Q

How does cartilage get its nutrients?

A

It is avascular so it relies upon diffusion

57
Q

Which kind of cartilage calcifies or ossifies in old age?

A

Hyaline cartilage

58
Q

Why can substances readily deffuse into the chondrocytes from the surrounding blood vessels?

A

Because there is a large ratio of GAGs to type II collagen in the cartilage matrix. The high density of negative charges on the GAGs attracts water.

59
Q

What is the function of the large amount of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix?

A

it assists resilience to the repeated application of pressure.

60
Q

What does the term “isogenous group” refer to?

A

The clusters of chondrocytes that are present in hyaline cartilage

61
Q

Where are chondroblasts formed in hyaline cartilage?

A

The fibroblast-like cells of the perichondrium give rise to flat chondroblasts.

62
Q

What is the correct term for when cartilage grows from the periphery?

A

Appositional growth.

63
Q

What is the term for when isogenous groups deposit more matrix deeper into the cartilage?

A

Interstitial growth.

64
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

A “lake” in which a chondrocyte lies.

65
Q

Where is cartilage positioned on a long bone?

A

It is at the articulating surface (the epiphysis) and it also forms the epiphyseal growth plate. There is no perichondrium here

66
Q

How would you identify an abundance of elastin fibres in the extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage?

A

It stains dark.

67
Q

What is an enthesis?

A

The point of attachment of tendon and bone.

68
Q

What sort of cartilage is present at some entheses?

A

Fibrocartilage.

69
Q

What is an alternative name for spongy bone? Describe this sort of bone.

A

Cancellous bone. This bones is a network of fine columns (trabeculae) so it is both strong and light. The gaps are filled with bone marrow.

70
Q

What is bone marrow for?

A

Red bone marrow is for red blood cell synthesis, yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue.

71
Q

What is compact bone?

A

It surrounds the cancellous bones, forming the external surfaces of bones.

72
Q

What are the characteristics of bone?

A

It can withstand compression, stress and deformation. It is sensitive to pain (particularly the periosteum) and it contains cells, fibres and ground substance.

73
Q

Why is bone so distinctly different to cartilage in terms of how it acquires its nutrients?

A

Bones are vascular. They have blood and lymph vessels as well as nerves where cartilage is avascular.

74
Q

Cortical/Compact bone contains Haversian and Volkmann’s canals. What are these?

A

Haversian canals are the vertical canals for nerves and blood/lymph vessels. Haversian canals communicate via horizontal volkmann’s canals.

75
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support, protection, mineral storage, haemopoesis.

76
Q

What is meant be “haemopoesis”?

A

The formation of living blood cells in the body

77
Q

What is the name of the thin cellular layer that lines the bone marrow cavities?

A

Endosteum

78
Q

List the main components of bone including both cells and extracellular components.

A

Bone Matrix [inorganic salts, collagen, calcium, phosphate]

Cells [osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts]

79
Q

What is the bone matrix made up of (in percentages)?

A

Overall: 65% Inorganic and 35% organic.

23% is collagen, 10% water and 2% non collagen proteins.

80
Q

What inorganic salts are found in bone?

A

Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate etc.

81
Q

Why is calcium required in the body?

A

For muscle contraction, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability and nerve impulse transmissions

82
Q

How does parathyroid hormone affect bone?

A

It stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone matrix, leading to calcium in the blood.

83
Q

What is the name of the hormone released when blood calcium levels are too high? How does this affect osteoclast activity?

A

Calcitonin. This inhibits the osteoclast activity.

84
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that produce the osteoid matrix.

85
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

They are osteoblasts in lacunae cavities. Their function is to maintain bone.

86
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large multinucleated cells that digest bone.

87
Q

Outline the structure of immature (primary) bone and explain how it is different to mature (secondary) bone.

A

The collagen fibres are arranged randomly, as are the osteocytes. However in mature bone, the structure is more regular. THere are osteons consitcing of lamellae around Haversian canals.

88
Q

How does bone undergo remodelling?

A

Remodelling takes place through the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts releasing and incorporating the calcium into and from the matrix.

89
Q

Describe how a fracture is repaired.

A
  1. Bone matrix is destroyed and the bone cells adjoining the fracture will die.
  2. Inflammatory cells invade and form a pre-callus containing a haematoma
  3. An osteocallus of primary bone is made which it then calcified to secondary bone.
  4. The new bone is pulled to match the contours of the bone via tendons.

ESA 1 Revision (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions