ToB - Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Muscle
Connective
Nervous
Epithelial

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of cells, specialised to perform a particular function.

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2
Q

What is a smear biopsy and what can it be used on?

A

Collecting cells by spontaneous/mechanical exfoliation then smearing on a slide.
Cervix

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3
Q

What is curettage and what is it used on?

A

Removing tissue via a ‘scoop’.

The endometrial lining of the uterus.

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4
Q

What is needle and what is it used for?

A

Put needle into tissue and removes a sample of cells.

Breast, brain, liver.

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5
Q

What is direct incision and what is it used for?

A

A sample of the tissue of interest is directly cut into and removed.
Mouth, larynx, skin.

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6
Q

What is endoscopic biopsy and what is it used for?

A

Tissue sample is removed via instruments through an endoscope.
Intestine, bladder.

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7
Q

What is transvascular biopsy and what is it used for?

A

Heart and liver.

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8
Q

Why are slides set in wax?

A

Stop self lysing.
Stop attack of bacteria.
This cross links macromolecules.

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9
Q

What chemicals are used to fix slides?

A

Formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde.

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10
Q

How is a wax set slide dehydrated?

A

Using ethanol then xylene.

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11
Q

Why does shrinkage occur?

A

Due to the dehydration and rehydration of the sample during fixation.

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12
Q

What does haematoxylin and eosin stain?

A

Haematoxylin - acidic components purple.

Eosin - basic components pink.

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13
Q

What does periodic acid-Schiff stain?

A

It stains carbohydrates and glycoproteins magenta.

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14
Q

What is phase contrast microscopy?

A

Exploits the interference effects produced when 2 light waves combine.
Enhances the image of unstained cells.

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15
Q

What is dark field microscopy?

A

Excludes any unscattered light/electron beam from the image.
Works on live and unstained samples.
Has a dark background.

16
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy?

A

Targets the molecule of interest with a fluorescent antibody.
Can use multiple fluorescence targets on one specimen.
Appears colourful/glowing.

17
Q

What is confocal microscopy?

A

The tissue is labelled with one or more fluorescent probes.
Can view live specimens and build up a 3D image from a series of 2D ones. Eliminates out of focus flare from thick fluorescently labelled specimen.

18
Q

What is the difference between SEM and TEM?

A

SEM reflects electrons from the specimen, TEM allows them to pass through the specimen.

19
Q

How can you tell images from SEM and TEM apart?

A

SEM appears more like a photo, TEM like a micrograph.

20
Q

How does differential interference microscopy work?

A

A laser light is passed through the stained specimen at different levels.
Creates a 3D image