Metabolism - Appetite

Question 0

What hormone stimulates the stimulatory primary neurone to stimulate the secondary neurone in appetite control?

Answer 0

Ghrelin

Question 1

What hormones stimulate the inhibitory primary neurone to send a message to the secondary neurone in appetite control?

Answer 1

Leptin

Insulin

Question 2

What hormone inhibits the stimulatory primary neurone to stop it stimulating the secondary neurone in appetite control?

Answer 2

PYY

Question 3

What neurotransmitters are present at the primary to secondary neurone of the stimulatory pathway in appetite control?

Answer 3

Agouti related peptide

Neuro peptide Y

Question 4

What neurotransmitters are present at the primary to secondary neurone of the inhibitory pathway in appetite control?

Answer 4

POMC to give alpha MSH (surpresses appetite) and beta endorphin (reward for eating)

Question 5

What is ghrelin and where is it released?

Answer 5

Peptide hormone that stimulates appetite
Released from stomach wall WHEN EMPTY
Release is inhibited when stomach is full

Question 6

What is PYY and where is it released?

Answer 6

It is a peptide hormone that suppresses the appetite

Released from the wall of the small intestine WHEN CHYME IS PRESENT

Question 7

Where is the body’s appetite centre?

Answer 7

In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 8

How can the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus detect fatty acid levels?

Answer 8

There is no blood brain barrier present at this point.

Question 9

What is leptin and where is it released?

Answer 9

A peptide hormone which surpresses appetite and induces expression of uncoupling proteins in mitochondria (= energy dissipated as heat).
Released from adipocytes

Question 10

In genetic terms, what is leptin deficiency caused by, and what is the result?

Answer 10

A recessive genetic disorder arising from a single nucleotide deletion.
Causes hyperphagia (increased appetite) and therefore obesity.

Question 11

What does the secondary neurone in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus do?

Answer 11

Synthesises the input and generates a response.

Question 12

Who accepts metabolic syndrome?

Answer 12

WHO but not all clinicians

Question 13

What are some symptoms of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 13

Insulin resistance
Hypertension
Dyslipidaemia

Question 14

What are some of the WHO criteria for metabolic syndrome to be diagnosed?

Answer 14

Fasting glucose > 7.8mMol
TAGs > 1.7mMol
Waist to hip ratio > 0.9 (men) or > 0.85 (women)
BP above 140/90mmHg

Question 15

What was the 1991 Barker hypothesis?

Answer 15

Those with low birth weight often had CHD, high BP etc in adulthood.

Question 16

What is epigenetics and how may it arise?

Answer 16

Epigenetics is the inheritance of a phenotype as a result of changes in a chromosome, without changes to the DNA sequence.
e.g. DNA methylation at key points can suppress gene transcription by altering histone structure = switches genes on or off

Question 17

What is foetal programming?

Answer 17

Epigenetics occurring in utero.

Question 18

What does the primary neurone in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus sense?

Answer 18

Blood fatty acid and glucose levels

Hormone levels