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Mine ESA 1 > ToB: Infection & Immunity > Flashcards

ToB: Infection & Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define an infection

A

The multiplication of a pathogenic microbe on or in a susceptible host with associated dysfunction or damage

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2
Q

What causes infection?

A

Pathogenic microbes: bacteria, fungi, protozoa and prions

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3
Q

What are prions?

A

Agents of trasnmissible degnerative encephalopothies.

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4
Q

What increases susceptibility to infection?

A

Weakened immune system, poor nutrition, poor living circumstances, access to healthcare, genetic pre disposition, lifestyle (STDs)

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5
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A disease causing microorganism, virus or bacterium

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6
Q

Define a non -pathogen

A

a non disease causing and can/mightperforms essential ecological roles

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7
Q

Membrane bound organelles?

A

Eukaryote

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8
Q

Nucleus?

A

eukaryote
Virus = central DN core surrounded by a protein coat
Bacteria = chromosmes,plasmid

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9
Q

Ribosomes?

A 
Bacteria = 30, 50 -> 70s
Eukaryote = 40, 60 -> 80s
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10
Q

Reproduction?

A 
Virus = intracellualr parasites
Bacteria = independant
Eukaryotes = independant
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11
Q

Size?

A 
Bacteria = 3 - 5 um
Virus = 10 - 300nm
Eukaryote = 0.2 - 0.3mm
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12
Q

Cell wall?

A 
Bacteria = Peptidoglycan cell wall
Virus = NA might have a protein coat or mast cell drvied lipid envelope
Eukaryote = NA have lipid bilayer
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13
Q

Transcription & Translation?

A

Bacteria = Coupled

Eukaryote - Compartmentalised

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14
Q

mRNA

A 
Bacteria = V.labile
Eukaryote = Stable & labile
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15
Q

Chromosomes?

A 
Bacteria = 1 usually
Eukaryote = many
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16
Q

Bacteria have?

A

Pilli & flagella

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17
Q

Virus have?

A

no organelles
use host cell bio-synthetic machinery
DNA or RNA or both

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18
Q

Eukaryotes have?

A

No pilli
Flagella
No reverse transcriptase

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19
Q

Gram staining positive

A

dark purple/blue

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20
Q

Gram staining negative

A

read/pink

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21
Q

What is acid fast used for?

A

diagnosing TB and Leprosy, mycobacteria (high nucelic acid content.

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22
Q

HAI?

A

Hospital acquired infection

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23
Q

Describe koche henle postulates

A
  1. isolate organism from every case
  2. propgate the organism in pure culture -> in vitro
  3. Reproduce disease by infecting organism into sutibale partcipants
  4. Re-isolate organism
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24
Q

Necessary?

A

Disease cannot occur in absence of cause

25
Sufficient?
Cause alone can lead to adisease
26
Specific?
Cause is absent in other disease
27
Ro
basic reproduction rate
28
Ro > 1
infection propogates
29
Ro < 1
infection dies out
30
What are the different habitats?
Air, saliva, bodily fluids, animals, plants, humans
31
Define a reservoir
any person, animal, plant, soil, substance in which an infectious agent lives
32
Define a source
readily available form of infectious agent
33
Name 5 modes of trasnmission
ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, incoluation, sexual transmission
34
Name 4 different patterns of association that microbes may form with humans
transition colonisation infection infective disease
35
Define carriage
passage taken by microrganisms
36
Give an example of a carriage
nasal, throat
37
Define normal flora
non pathogenic bacteria found in our bodies e.g. in the gut
38
Define commensal
symbiotic relationship where one species derives benefit and the other is unaffected
39
Define exogenous
Transmitted from outside the body
40
Define endogenous
transmitted from within the body
41
What targets are there in the us vs them?
cell walls, bacterial DNA, protein synthesis, RNA polymerase,
42
Name three possible resistance mechanisms?
alteration of the target, metabolic bypass, see MGD
43
Give an example of a DNA enveloped virus..
Hep B, Smallpox, herpes virus
44
Give an example of a DNA non enveloped virus...
papillomavirus
45
Give an example of an RNA enveloped virus...
rubella, rotavirus, HIV, SARs
46
Give an example of a RNA non enveloped virus...
picornorvirus: polio, Hep A,
47
Which out RNA or DNA viruses is more likely to mutate?
RNA
48
Wat does having an envelope mean for treatment etc?
That the virus is more easily sterilsed
49
What is the difference between the replication strategy for RNA and DNA viruses?
``` RNA = reverse transcriptase DNA = cell machinery or carries its own replication enzymes ```
50
Name the replication strategies used by viruses?
- absorbed into host cells - receptor mediated endocytosis see M&R - single/double stranded RNA/DNA translated using viral proteins - infection? Think incubation period, lytic, latent, chronic
51
How can viruses spread between humans/environment?
- sexual contact - respiration - vertical transmission - fetal - oral - GI - innoculation
52
Describe innate immunity
- present from birth - non, specific - not enhanced by secondary exposure - no memory - poorly effective without adaptive response - quicker
53
Describe Adaptive immunity
- arises from exposure to microrganisms - specific pathogen immunity - enhance by secondary exposure - acquires memory - poorly effective without innate immunity - has a slow response
54
What does humoral mean?
dissolved components in bodily fluids
55
State the humoral components for the innate immunity
- Transferrins + lactoferins - Interferons - Anti microbial peptides - Fibrolectin - Complement - TNF - alpha
56
State the humoral components for the adaptive immunity
- cytokines - perforin - antibodies
57
What does cellular mean?
carried out by active cells other than antibodies
58
What cellular components are there in the adaptive and innate immune reponses?
``` Adaptive = T cells (helper & killer) + B cells Innate = Macrophages + Neutrophils + Eosinophils + Basophils + mast cells + natural killer cells ```
59
Define opsonisation
coating of a micro-organism by antibodies or complement to render it recognisable foreign therefore enhancing phagocytosis

Mine ESA 1 (7 decks)

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