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Mine ESA 1 > ToB: Infection & Immunity > Flashcards

ToB: Infection & Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define an infection

A

The multiplication of a pathogenic microbe on or in a susceptible host with associated dysfunction or damage

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2
Q

What causes infection?

A

Pathogenic microbes: bacteria, fungi, protozoa and prions

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3
Q

What are prions?

A

Agents of trasnmissible degnerative encephalopothies.

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4
Q

What increases susceptibility to infection?

A

Weakened immune system, poor nutrition, poor living circumstances, access to healthcare, genetic pre disposition, lifestyle (STDs)

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5
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A disease causing microorganism, virus or bacterium

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6
Q

Define a non -pathogen

A

a non disease causing and can/mightperforms essential ecological roles

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7
Q

Membrane bound organelles?

A

Eukaryote

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8
Q

Nucleus?

A

eukaryote
Virus = central DN core surrounded by a protein coat
Bacteria = chromosmes,plasmid

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9
Q

Ribosomes?

A 
Bacteria = 30, 50 -> 70s
Eukaryote = 40, 60 -> 80s
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10
Q

Reproduction?

A 
Virus = intracellualr parasites
Bacteria = independant
Eukaryotes = independant
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11
Q

Size?

A 
Bacteria = 3 - 5 um
Virus = 10 - 300nm
Eukaryote = 0.2 - 0.3mm
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12
Q

Cell wall?

A 
Bacteria = Peptidoglycan cell wall
Virus = NA might have a protein coat or mast cell drvied lipid envelope
Eukaryote = NA have lipid bilayer
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13
Q

Transcription & Translation?

A

Bacteria = Coupled

Eukaryote - Compartmentalised

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14
Q

mRNA

A 
Bacteria = V.labile
Eukaryote = Stable & labile
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15
Q

Chromosomes?

A 
Bacteria = 1 usually
Eukaryote = many
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16
Q

Bacteria have?

A

Pilli & flagella

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17
Q

Virus have?

A

no organelles
use host cell bio-synthetic machinery
DNA or RNA or both

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18
Q

Eukaryotes have?

A

No pilli
Flagella
No reverse transcriptase

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19
Q

Gram staining positive

A

dark purple/blue

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20
Q

Gram staining negative

A

read/pink

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21
Q

What is acid fast used for?

A

diagnosing TB and Leprosy, mycobacteria (high nucelic acid content.

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22
Q

HAI?

A

Hospital acquired infection

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23
Q

Describe koche henle postulates

A
  1. isolate organism from every case
  2. propgate the organism in pure culture -> in vitro
  3. Reproduce disease by infecting organism into sutibale partcipants
  4. Re-isolate organism
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24
Q

Necessary?

A

Disease cannot occur in absence of cause

25
Q

Sufficient?

A

Cause alone can lead to adisease

26
Q

Specific?

A

Cause is absent in other disease

27
Q

Ro

A

basic reproduction rate

28
Q

Ro > 1

A

infection propogates

29
Q

Ro < 1

A

infection dies out

30
Q

What are the different habitats?

A

Air, saliva, bodily fluids, animals, plants, humans

31
Q

Define a reservoir

A

any person, animal, plant, soil, substance in which an infectious agent lives

32
Q

Define a source

A

readily available form of infectious agent

33
Q

Name 5 modes of trasnmission

A

ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, incoluation, sexual transmission

34
Q

Name 4 different patterns of association that microbes may form with humans

A

transition
colonisation
infection
infective disease

35
Q

Define carriage

A

passage taken by microrganisms

36
Q

Give an example of a carriage

A

nasal, throat

37
Q

Define normal flora

A

non pathogenic bacteria found in our bodies e.g. in the gut

38
Q

Define commensal

A

symbiotic relationship where one species derives benefit and the other is unaffected

39
Q

Define exogenous

A

Transmitted from outside the body

40
Q

Define endogenous

A

transmitted from within the body

41
Q

What targets are there in the us vs them?

A

cell walls, bacterial DNA, protein synthesis, RNA polymerase,

42
Q

Name three possible resistance mechanisms?

A

alteration of the target, metabolic bypass, see MGD

43
Q

Give an example of a DNA enveloped virus..

A

Hep B, Smallpox, herpes virus

44
Q

Give an example of a DNA non enveloped virus…

A

papillomavirus

45
Q

Give an example of an RNA enveloped virus…

A

rubella, rotavirus, HIV, SARs

46
Q

Give an example of a RNA non enveloped virus…

A

picornorvirus: polio, Hep A,

47
Q

Which out RNA or DNA viruses is more likely to mutate?

A

RNA

48
Q

Wat does having an envelope mean for treatment etc?

A

That the virus is more easily sterilsed

49
Q

What is the difference between the replication strategy for RNA and DNA viruses?

A 
RNA = reverse transcriptase
DNA = cell machinery or carries its own replication enzymes
50
Q

Name the replication strategies used by viruses?

A
  • absorbed into host cells - receptor mediated endocytosis see M&R
  • single/double stranded RNA/DNA translated using viral proteins
  • infection? Think incubation period, lytic, latent, chronic
51
Q

How can viruses spread between humans/environment?

A
  • sexual contact
  • respiration
  • vertical transmission
  • fetal
  • oral
  • GI
  • innoculation
52
Q

Describe innate immunity

A
  • present from birth
  • non, specific
  • not enhanced by secondary exposure
  • no memory
  • poorly effective without adaptive response
  • quicker
53
Q

Describe Adaptive immunity

A
  • arises from exposure to microrganisms
  • specific pathogen immunity
  • enhance by secondary exposure
  • acquires memory
  • poorly effective without innate immunity
  • has a slow response
54
Q

What does humoral mean?

A

dissolved components in bodily fluids

55
Q

State the humoral components for the innate immunity

A
  • Transferrins + lactoferins
  • Interferons
  • Anti microbial peptides
  • Fibrolectin
  • Complement
  • TNF - alpha
56
Q

State the humoral components for the adaptive immunity

A
  • cytokines
  • perforin
  • antibodies
57
Q

What does cellular mean?

A

carried out by active cells other than antibodies

58
Q

What cellular components are there in the adaptive and innate immune reponses?

A 
Adaptive = T cells (helper & killer) + B cells
Innate = Macrophages + Neutrophils + Eosinophils + Basophils  + mast cells + natural killer cells
59
Q

Define opsonisation

A

coating of a micro-organism by antibodies or complement to render it recognisable foreign therefore enhancing phagocytosis

Mine ESA 1 (7 decks)

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