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Mine ESA 1 > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

0
Q

What catalyses 2ADP –> ATP + AMP

A

Adenylate kinase

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1
Q

Creatine Kinase

A

Creatine + ATP -> Creatine phosphate + ADP

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2
Q

What breaks down alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

A

Amylase

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3
Q

What breaks down alpha 1-6, 1-4 glycosidic bonds?

A

Amylopectin

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4
Q

What breaks down sucrose to glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrase

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5
Q

What breaks down lactose to galactose and glucose?

A

Lactase

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6
Q

What breaks down maltose to glucose and glucose?

A

Isomaltose (alpha 1-6)

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7
Q

What are the three enzymes regulated in glycolysis?

A
  1. Hexokinase/glucokinase
    glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
    allosteric (G6P)
  2. Phosphofructokinase
    Fructose-6-bisphosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    Allosteric (ATP down, insulin up)
    inhibited: ATP, citrate, H+
    Activated: AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
    10: pyruvate kinase
    Phosphoenolypyruvate to pyruvate
    Covalent modification - high insulin dephosphorylation activates
    All high energy signals, hormone regulation insulin:glucagon ratio
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8
Q

What enzymes catalyses pyruvate to lactate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase
2pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ —-> 2lactate + 2NAD+
Reduces

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9
Q

What catalyses the oxidative carboxylation of glucose-6-phosphate to C5 sugar phosphates? In the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

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10
Q

What breaks down fructose?

A

Fructose to fructose-1-phosphate, fructokinase
Fructose-1-phosphate to 2-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, aldolase
(Enters glycolysis)

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11
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyse?

A

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Allosterically: inhibited acetyl CoA, NADH, ATP
activated pyruvate, NAD+, ADP,
Covalent modification by insulin dephosphorylation activates

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12
Q

What enzymes is involved in the regulation of the TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

What is the enzyme that generates ATP?

A

ATP synthetase

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14
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids during digestion?

A

Pancreatic lipase

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15
Q

What enzyme is responsible for lipolysis of adipose tissue?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase
Stimulated by glucagon, adrenalin, GH, cortisol, t4
Inhibited by insulin

16
Q

What enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of glycerol to glycerol phosphate?

A

Glycerol kinase
Requires ATP
First step in glycerol metabolism
Glycerol phosphate can be produced from dihydroxyacetone phosphate using NADH to NAD+

17
Q

What enzymes is involved in the activation of fatty acids/linking to coenzyme A via the S atom forming a high energy of hydrolysis bond

A

Fatty acyl CoA synthase

Produced fatty acyl~CoA

18
Q

What does CAT stand for?

A

Carnitine acyl transferase
CAT 2: carnitine to acyl carnitine
CAT 1: acyl carnitine to fatty acyl CoA

19
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction acetyl CoA to HMG CoA?

A

Synthase

20
Q

What catalyses HMG CoA of acetoacetate?

A

Lyase
Insulin/glucagon ratio if ratio falls lyase is activated
And vice versa

21
Q

What enzyme catalyses HMG CoA to Mevalonate and then cholesterol

A

HMG CoA reductase
Insulin/glucagon ratio if ratio increases reductase stimulated
And vice versa

22
Q

Enzymes involved in glycogenesis

A

Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-P, phosphoglucmutase
Then forms UDP glucose
Then forms glycogen n+1 residues, glycogen synthase, branching enzyme

23
Q

Enzymes involved in glycogenolysis

A

Forming glucose-1-P, glycogen phosphorylase, de branching enzyme
Then goes to glucose-6-P
Then glycolysis or glucose, glucose-6-phosphatase

24
Q

What are the enzymes which are regulated in glycogenolysis and glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase: phosphorylation by glucagon activates
Glycogen synthase: phosphorylation by glucagon/adrenalin inhibits
Insulin causes reverse effect and dephosphorylation
So covalent modification

25
Q

What are the enzymes that bypass steps 1, 3 and 10 in Gluconeogenesis

A
  1. Glucose-6-phosphatase -> thermodynamically spontaneous reaction
  2. Fructose-1-bisphosphatase -> thermodynamically spontaneous reaction
  3. Pyruvate carboxylate (pyruvate to oxaloacetate) and PEPCK (oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate)
    Regulated by glucagon ,cortisol and insulin
26
Q

Lipogenesis requires?

A

Fatty acid syntheses complex
Acetyl carboxylase
NADH and ATP

Mine ESA 1 (7 decks)

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