TME (last najud) Flashcards by Jhann Olvis

is an adjustable hole in a diaphragm set just inside the lens. By changing the size of the ________ , you control the size of the light beam that can enter the camera.

APERTURE

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The shutter works something like the shutters on a window. When you are not taking pictures, the camera’s shutter stays closed, prevent light from striking the image sensor, just as closed window shutters prevent sunlight from entering a room.

Shutter speed (controls duration of light)

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enables you to adjust how responsive the image sensor is to light.

ISO (controls light sensitivity):

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It refers to the distance over which objects in the picture appear sharply focused.

Depth of Field

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Operationally defined as a defect that looks like sprinkles of sand and is similar in appearance to film grain

NOISE

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(controls amount of light):

Aperture

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(controls duration of light):

Shutter speed

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(controls light sensitivity):

ISO

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also affects depth of field.

Aperture

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speed also affects motion blur.

Shutter

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also affects image noise.

ISO

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The boom in travel means everybody has been everywhere. The result is that you can no longer count on easy exoticism or hackneyed subjects to tell your story.

OVERFAMILIARITY

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-The photographer eventually shipped his film off and made his deadline. The problems of access, bad weather, and a tight schedule were solved with planning, conversation, and composition techniques—not by top-end gear.

TIME, ACCESS, AND WEATHER

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_____ and _____ often present problems for professional photographers working in foreign countries.

LANGUAGE AND LOGISTICS

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is an old photography standby. A go-to method of producing _________ photographs is to simply convert color images in black and white—but that technique makes it difficult to predict how the final product will look while you are shooting in the field.

BLACK AND WHITE

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-The panoramic format generally involves an elongated aspect ratio. The aspect ratio is the relationship of the width to the height of a photograph.

THE PANORAMIC EFFECT

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-The third special technique is polarizing in photography circles: (or HDR photography for short)

HIGH-DYNAMIC-RANGE PHOTOGRAPHY

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-Taking pictures of people is a huge hurdle for many photographers, often because of shyness. This lesson explores some techniques for breaking the ice as well as several styles of photographing people.

Introduction

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is the toughest part of people photography, but there are ways to make it a little less painful and to raise your rate of successful encounters.

Breaking the Ice

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usually means using a long lens and shooting without the subject’s knowledge.

The Candid Approach

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-The opposite of the candid approach is the _______. This technique involves getting very close to your subject—closer than the three-foot or so circle of comfort people in the Western hemisphere feel demarcates personal space.

The Up Close and Personal Approach

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-One of the most rewarding ways to photograph people is to back off a bit and show how and where they live. This is called an _________, and in many ways, it is the lingua franca of magazine photography.

The Environmental Portrait

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is a city’s architectural signature. The big challenge for photographers is to find a way to make familiar skylines fresh and original.

SKYLINES

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-Lots of cities have an iconic structure that can symbolize the city all by itself.

ICONIC STRUCTURES

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-Looking for ________ is a good idea when you are photographing just about anything, but especially so for skylines and architecture

HIGH VANTAGE POINTS

-extreme measures are the ticket for some drama. Shooting from an extremely low or high viewpoint may do the trick.

EXTREME ANGLES

-The power of persistence is important in architecture photography. If something looks good in one kind of light or weather condition, go back in other types of light and times of day and do it again.

TIMING

-You need more ingenuity to track those down, and often, these local events yield better pictures because you are not battling a crowd of fellow visitors and the army of iPhones that crop up at every big event these days.

TRACKING DOWN EVENTS

-In the photograph of the drummers to the right, the photographer used a wide-angle lens to create a strong leading line of the drum corps. The vertical composition was cleaner than the horizontal.

VARIED COVERAGE

In a film camera, the film negative serves as that _____

medium

in a digital camera, it is the _________, which is an array of light-responsive computer chips

image sensor

Between the lens and the sensor are two barriers, known as the _____ and _____

aperture and shutter

The lower the f-stop number, the ____________, and the more light is permitted into the camera

larger the aperture, (more light)

To put it another way, raising the f-number stops ______

more light (so less light)

When you press the ________ , the shutter briefly to allow light that passes through the aperture to hit the image sensor.

shutter button

The term ISO is a holdover from film days, when an _________ rated each film stock according to light sensitivity: ISO 200, ISO 400, ISO 800, and so on.

international standards organization

The tricky part of the equation is that aperture, shutter speed, and ISO settings affect your pictures in ways that go beyond exposure

aperture, shutter speed, and ISO

A higher f-stop increases the depth of field or the distance over which objects appear _______

sharply focused.

To blur motion, use a _______ speed.

slow shutter

Raising the ISO setting increases light sensitivity, but also can produce a defect known as ______

noise

When you raise the ISO setting to make the image sensor more reactive to _____, you increase the risk of producing noise.

light

A ___________ helps cut the reflections on water and foliage, giving beautiful, rich colors.

polarizing filter

Therefore, rather than twilight being ideal as with other landscapes, the ______ is often best

midday sun

_______ are the unsung heroes of lots of published news, feature, and travel stories

Fixers

________ cultivate a stable of fixers around the world, and if you are a friend, they’re likely to share the contact info for their favorite fixer in a given place

Professional photojournalists

______ ________responds not only to visual spectrum of light but also to heat signatures.

Infrared photography

Most cameras shoot in a 3:2 or 4:3 aspect ratio. HD video is 16:9

The Panoramic Format

A photo is said to be panoramic when the width is at least _______ (a 2:1 aspect ratio)

twice the height

____________________ Do not bring a new-to-you camera on a trip: A new camera body means new settings and button placements to learn, and it makes you slow and nonresponsive.

Do not lose them by fumbling endlessly with your gear. Do not bring a new-to-you camera on a trip: A new camera body means new settings and button placements to learn, and it makes you slow and nonresponsive.

Photographers can shoot digital panoramas in one of two ways.

overlapping pictures onsite

________ takes a series of shots of the same scene at different exposures and combines them into one file

HDR photography

uses something called adaptive contrast or tone mapping to make the full range visible. The pictures start to take on a painterly cast or an otherworldly, hyper-real look.

HDR photography

It usually requires using a moderate wide-angle to normal focal length, and the results have a more striking impact than those taken from a distance with a telephoto lens

The Up Close and Personal Approach

Using a moderate _______, the photographer got very close to the foremost man and his weathered face. The photographer put his pals in the background of the photo. Wide angles are great for creating this kind of foreground/background storytelling

wide-angle lens

A ___ ____ ____ means new settings and button placements to learn, and it makes you slow and nonresponsive

new camera body

______ For many people, being in front of the camera is a nerve-wracking experience, and if you fall totally silent fussing with your camera, your subject will eventually get more and more nervous because you are not telling them anything

Do not fall silent.

There is a peak a moment or two in every still photo situation, portraits included. Shoot multiple frames to improve your odds of capturing the moment.

Do not forget the moment part of the light, composition, and moment combination.

By working and shooting an icon from multiple perspectives, you stand a good chance of getting something that is fresher than your first impression might be.

Iconic Structures

often in a body of water, are another way to make architectural photos stand out

Reflections

An initial hurdle is finding out where and when it is going to happen.

Initial Research