TM ABO Group Flashcards

1
Q

ABO and H genes code for..

A

glycosyltransferases (enzymes)

= adds carbohydrates to type-2 paragloboside chain (Precursor Substance)

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2
Q

What is the ABO type ?

Anti-A = 4+
Anti-B = 4+
A1 cells = 0
B cells = 0

A

AB

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3
Q

What is the ABO type ?

Anti-A = 0
Anti-B = 0
A1 cells = 4+
B cells = 3+

A

O

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4
Q

L-fucosyl transferase

A
  • encoded by gene H
  • adds L-fucose = H antigens
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5
Q

N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl

A
  • encoded by gene A
  • adds N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
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6
Q

D- galactosyl

A
  • encoded by gene B
  • adds D-galactose
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7
Q

T or F: Almost 100% of the population will inherit two H genes

A

TRUE;
only one H needs to be inherited for L-fucosyl transferase to be produced = adds L-fucose to the PS

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8
Q

the __ antigen allows for other transferases to add sugars and form A and B antigens

A

H antigen

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9
Q

What kind of molecules are ABO antigens ?

A

glycoproteins

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10
Q

What are lectins ?

A
  • proteins (found in nature) that bind specific carbs
  • act as artificial Abs that bind certain antigens
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11
Q

Ulex europaeus

A

Anti-H
- seeds have lectin that binds H

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12
Q

Genotype for ABH secretors ?

A
  • SeSe
  • Sese

NOTE: only need one “Se” allele

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13
Q

Describe secretors of ABH antigens

A
  • 80% of population (SeSe, Sese)
  • make soluble antigens found in plasma, sweat, tears, etc.
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14
Q

ABO group with most amount of H

A

Type O

NOTE: H antigens have been added to PS

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15
Q

who produces Anti-H ?

A
  • people who did not inherit at least one H allele (only have PS on RBC membrances)
  • Bombay blood group
  • IgM & naturally occurring
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16
Q

anti-H

A
  • IgM
  • naturally occurring*

*NOTE: IN BOMBAY, not in others

17
Q

IgM

A

naturally occurring

18
Q

IgG: naturally occurring or RBC-stimulated ?

A

RBC-stimulated

19
Q

What do the forward vs reverse group in ABO testing determine ?

A

Forward = tests antigens on the patient’s cells

Reverse = tests for ABO antibodies in patient plasma

20
Q

What do Bombay people type as ?

A

Type O

  • must be transfused with Bombay blood due to anti-H in plasma
21
Q

How do we test for Bombay ?

A
  1. test patient RBCs with anti-H lectin (Ulex europaeus) = will be 0 because Bombay don’t have H antigens at all
  2. test for anti-H (which Bombay people should have) with O cells (which is rich in H) = positive !
22
Q

anti-A1

A
  • naturally occurring
  • cross-reacts with A1 cells
  • cold, clinically insignificant IgM (not same properties as anti-A, -B)
  • unexpected; only made by 2-5% of people; <10% of A2B
23
Q

Dolichus biflorus

A

anti-A1 lectin

24
Q

Who can make anti-A1 ?

A
  • ONLY A2 people and A2B people
  • NOT A1
25
Q

What is an auto-control ?

A
  • 2 drops of patient plasma with 1 drop of patient cells = SHOULD NOT CLOT
  • can be useful in resolving a discrepancy
26
Q

Cause: missing/weak antibodies (RG <2+)

A
  • newborns <6 months
  • seniors >70 years
  • hypo/agammaglobulinemia
27
Q

How to resolve missing/weak antibodies (RG <2+)

A
  • add more plasma (4 drops instead of 2) to cells to promote shift to right (4:1 ratio of plasma cells)
  • incubate RT for 30 mins
  • incubate at 4℃ (ABO reacts best in cold)
28
Q

Cause: extra antibodies

A
  • irregular IgM alloantibodies (Lewis, P1, M, N)
  • cold autoagglutinins (anti-I, -IH, -H, -IA, -IB)
  • anti-A1
  • rouleaux
29
Q

What are the extra irregular IgM alloantibodies ? How do you resolve them ?

A
  • Lewis, P1, M, N
  • naturally occurring IgM that some patients have; insignificant; read 4℃
  • resolve by PRE-WARMING: use aliquot of plasma, drop of B cells, and pipette that have been warmed for 10 minutes = mix
  • if all else fails, then identify Ab (ie. anti-M)
30
Q

What are cold agglutinins ? How do you resolve them ?

A

ie. anti-I
- clinically insignificant (mostly)
- autoAb
- IgM; naturally occurring
- resolve by PRE-WARMING

31
Q

How is anti-A1 resolved ?

A
  • made by Type A2 or A2B individuals
  • IgM; clinically insignificant; reacts in the cold
  • autocontrol = 1+

Resolve by:
1. PRE-WARM plasma, cells and pipette for testing
2. investigate using lectin (Dolichus biflorus): true anti-A1 will be pos with A1 cells and neg with A2 cells
3. use A2 cells in reverse group testing

32
Q

What is rouleaux ? How is it resolved ?

A
  • increased protein in the plasma (multiple myeloma, acute phase reactants)
  • RG rxns will all be 1+, including auto-control
  • resolve by doing SALINE REPLACEMENT = remove plasma, replace with 2 drops of saline, mix, spin read = rxn should now be 0
33
Q

Differentiate A1 vs A2 cells

A
  • A1 will have a more efficient transferase (N-acetyl D galactosaminyl) = more A antigens on cells
  • A1 cells have more branched carbohydrates
34
Q

If both parents are Type AB, why might the child not have any A or B antigens ?

A

The child is bombay (hh) = will Type as O

35
Q

In TM, what rxn strength is considered abnormal and requires follow-up ?

A

less than 2+

36
Q

Which antibodies are expected ?

A
  • anti A, -B, -AB
  • anti-H in bombay