Tissues & Systems Flashcards
What are the 11 main organ systems?
- Integumentary
- Musculoskeletal
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Digestive
- Reproductive
- Immune
What is a matrix?
Non-living, intercellular material produced by cells
What is an apical surface in epithelial cells?
Side of epithelial cell that is exposed to the body cavity, can contain microvilli/cilia
What is the basal surface on epithelial cells?
Side of epithelial cells that are attached to the basement membrane
What is the classification of epithelium?
Firstly by number and types of layers, then by cell shape
What are the types of layers in an epithelium and describe them
Simple - single layer allowing diffusion
Stratified - multiple layers protecting deeper layers from wear and tear
Pseudostratified - single layers that seems to consist of multiple layers as they have nuclei at different levels
What are cell shapes in epithelium?
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional
What does the integumentary system compose of?
Skin, hair, nails, nerve endings
one of the largest organs up to 1.5-2m squared
What is an arrestor pill?
Smooth muscle activated by cold or emotional response
What are the five layers of the skin from inner to outer?
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
What is the papillary layer of the dermis ?
Loose areolar connective tissue highly vascularised
What is the reticular layer of the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue, ducts of holocrine sebaceous glands and merocrine sudoriferous glands
What is the musculoskeletal composed of?
Connective tissue
Bones
Muscle
What are three types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
What are four divisions of then nervous system?
Central
Somatic/autonomic
Motor/sensory
Autonomic -sympathetic/parasympathetic
What does the motor and sensory nervous systems consist of?
Sensory = somatic and visceral Motor = somatic and autonomic
What are Glial cells ?
Supporting and protective cells of the nervous system
What are the three main types of Glial cells?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes/schwann cells
Microglia
What are the two major types of gland and describe them both
Exocrine glands - secrete materials directly into ducts or onto the apical epithelial surface
Endocrine glands - ductless glands that secrete materials through the basal surface which diffuses through the basement membrane, connective tissues and into the blood
Describe exocrine gland shape
- Tubular structure
- Alveolar structure
Describe exocrine gland secretion
- Holocrine - cell accumulates substance for secretion
- Merocrine - secretion occurs by exocytosis
- Apocrine - small pieces of cell containing secretion breaks off and cell repairs itself
What are the four main functions of the endocrine system?
- maintaining homeostasis of blood competition and volume
- controlling reproductive activities
- regulation development, growth and metabolism
- controlling digestive processes
Describe the thyroid and its function
Anterior to the trachea, butterfly shape, produces the release of thyroid hormone.
- Increases protein synthesis
- Increase glucose uptake
- Increase breathing, heart rate etc
- Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
- Decreased glycogenesis and lipogenesis
Describe the adrenal glands
- adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation
- adrenal Cortex releases corticosteroids
Describe the pancreas and function
Both exocrine and endocrine, pancreatic islets:alpha cells produce glucagon, beta cells produce insulin
Describe the cardiovascular system
systematic and pulmonary circulation
heart located in the mediastinum enclosed in the pericardium
What are the lymphatic trunks and ducts?
Trunks - serve a specific body area, jugular subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar
Ducts - largest lymph vessels - carry lymph into venous circulation
Describe the lungs
Paired structures. within the thoracic cavity protected by the rib cage
Right = 3 lobes
Left = 2 lobes
Hilum = entry/exit for blood vessels, bronchi and nerves
What are the muscles of quiet breathing?
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
What are the muscles of forced inspiration?
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalenes
- Pectoralis minor
- Serratus posterior superior
- Erector spinae
What are the muscles of forced expirations?
- Internal intercostals
- Abdominal muscles
- Transverse thoracic
- Serratus posterior inferior
What is the serous membranes?
one adhered to the surface of the lungs (visceral pleura) one to the internal surface of the thoracic wall diaphragm and mediastinum (parietal pleura)
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- Filtration of blood and removal of waste products
- Calcitriol formation
- Erythropoetin production and release
- ion level regulation and acid-base balance
- blood pressure regulation
What are the 2 main structures of the nephron?
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
What is the detrusor muscle?
smooth muscle bundles in the bladder that contract when the bladder empties
What are gonads?
primary reproductive organs- ovaries and testes
What is the urogenital triangle?
contains urethral and vaginal orifices in females and base of penis and scrotum in makes
Describe the mammary glands
Located on anterior thoracic wall, subdivided into lobes and then subdivided into lobules
What are the duct systems and accessory glands in male urinary/ reproductive systems?
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Urethra
What does the upper gastrointestinal tract contain?
oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach
What does the lower gastrointestinal tract contain?
small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
What elements make up the stomach?
- Muscular sac - mechanical and chemical digestion
- Bolus passes down oesophagus
- Cardia, fungus, body and pylorus
What makes up the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum
What is the greater omentum?
Apron that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most abdominal organs
What is the mesentery proper?
fan shapes peritoneal fold that suspends most of the small intestine from internal surface posterior abdominal wall
