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Biology Semester 2 > Tissues & Systems > Flashcards

Tissues & Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 11 main organ systems?

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Musculoskeletal
  3. Nervous
  4. Endocrine
  5. Cardiovascular
  6. Lymphatic
  7. Respiratory
  8. Urinary
  9. Digestive
  10. Reproductive
  11. Immune
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2
Q

What is a matrix?

A

Non-living, intercellular material produced by cells

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3
Q

What is an apical surface in epithelial cells?

A

Side of epithelial cell that is exposed to the body cavity, can contain microvilli/cilia

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4
Q

What is the basal surface on epithelial cells?

A

Side of epithelial cells that are attached to the basement membrane

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5
Q

What is the classification of epithelium?

A

Firstly by number and types of layers, then by cell shape

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6
Q

What are the types of layers in an epithelium and describe them

A

Simple - single layer allowing diffusion
Stratified - multiple layers protecting deeper layers from wear and tear
Pseudostratified - single layers that seems to consist of multiple layers as they have nuclei at different levels

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7
Q

What are cell shapes in epithelium?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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8
Q

What does the integumentary system compose of?

A

Skin, hair, nails, nerve endings

one of the largest organs up to 1.5-2m squared

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9
Q

What is an arrestor pill?

A

Smooth muscle activated by cold or emotional response

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10
Q

What are the five layers of the skin from inner to outer?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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11
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis ?

A

Loose areolar connective tissue highly vascularised

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12
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, ducts of holocrine sebaceous glands and merocrine sudoriferous glands

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13
Q

What is the musculoskeletal composed of?

A

Connective tissue
Bones
Muscle

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14
Q

What are three types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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15
Q

What are four divisions of then nervous system?

A

Central
Somatic/autonomic
Motor/sensory
Autonomic -sympathetic/parasympathetic

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16
Q

What does the motor and sensory nervous systems consist of?

A 
Sensory = somatic and visceral 
Motor = somatic and autonomic
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17
Q

What are Glial cells ?

A

Supporting and protective cells of the nervous system

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18
Q

What are the three main types of Glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes/schwann cells
Microglia

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19
Q

What are the two major types of gland and describe them both

A

Exocrine glands - secrete materials directly into ducts or onto the apical epithelial surface
Endocrine glands - ductless glands that secrete materials through the basal surface which diffuses through the basement membrane, connective tissues and into the blood

20
Q

Describe exocrine gland shape

A
  • Tubular structure

- Alveolar structure

21
Q

Describe exocrine gland secretion

A
  • Holocrine - cell accumulates substance for secretion
  • Merocrine - secretion occurs by exocytosis
  • Apocrine - small pieces of cell containing secretion breaks off and cell repairs itself
22
Q

What are the four main functions of the endocrine system?

A
  • maintaining homeostasis of blood competition and volume
  • controlling reproductive activities
  • regulation development, growth and metabolism
  • controlling digestive processes
23
Q

Describe the thyroid and its function

A

Anterior to the trachea, butterfly shape, produces the release of thyroid hormone.

  • Increases protein synthesis
  • Increase glucose uptake
  • Increase breathing, heart rate etc
  • Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
  • Decreased glycogenesis and lipogenesis
24
Q

Describe the adrenal glands

A
  • adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation
  • adrenal Cortex releases corticosteroids
25
Q

Describe the pancreas and function

A

Both exocrine and endocrine, pancreatic islets:alpha cells produce glucagon, beta cells produce insulin

26
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system

A

systematic and pulmonary circulation

heart located in the mediastinum enclosed in the pericardium

27
Q

What are the lymphatic trunks and ducts?

A

Trunks - serve a specific body area, jugular subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar
Ducts - largest lymph vessels - carry lymph into venous circulation

28
Q

Describe the lungs

A

Paired structures. within the thoracic cavity protected by the rib cage
Right = 3 lobes
Left = 2 lobes
Hilum = entry/exit for blood vessels, bronchi and nerves

29
Q

What are the muscles of quiet breathing?

A
  • Diaphragm

- External intercostals

30
Q

What are the muscles of forced inspiration?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Erector spinae
31
Q

What are the muscles of forced expirations?

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Transverse thoracic
  • Serratus posterior inferior
32
Q

What is the serous membranes?

A

one adhered to the surface of the lungs (visceral pleura) one to the internal surface of the thoracic wall diaphragm and mediastinum (parietal pleura)

33
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Filtration of blood and removal of waste products
  • Calcitriol formation
  • Erythropoetin production and release
  • ion level regulation and acid-base balance
  • blood pressure regulation
34
Q

What are the 2 main structures of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

35
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

smooth muscle bundles in the bladder that contract when the bladder empties

36
Q

What are gonads?

A

primary reproductive organs- ovaries and testes

37
Q

What is the urogenital triangle?

A

contains urethral and vaginal orifices in females and base of penis and scrotum in makes

38
Q

Describe the mammary glands

A

Located on anterior thoracic wall, subdivided into lobes and then subdivided into lobules

39
Q

What are the duct systems and accessory glands in male urinary/ reproductive systems?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra
40
Q

What does the upper gastrointestinal tract contain?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach

41
Q

What does the lower gastrointestinal tract contain?

A

small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

42
Q

What elements make up the stomach?

A
  • Muscular sac - mechanical and chemical digestion
  • Bolus passes down oesophagus
  • Cardia, fungus, body and pylorus
43
Q

What makes up the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum

44
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

Apron that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most abdominal organs

45
Q

What is the mesentery proper?

A

fan shapes peritoneal fold that suspends most of the small intestine from internal surface posterior abdominal wall

Biology Semester 2 (7 decks)

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