Tissues & Systems

Question 1

What are the 11 main organ systems?

Answer 1

1. Integumentary
2. Musculoskeletal
3. Nervous
4. Endocrine
5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Urinary
9. Digestive
10. Reproductive
11. Immune

Question 2

What is a matrix?

Answer 2

Non-living, intercellular material produced by cells

Question 3

What is an apical surface in epithelial cells?

Answer 3

Side of epithelial cell that is exposed to the body cavity, can contain microvilli/cilia

Question 4

What is the basal surface on epithelial cells?

Answer 4

Side of epithelial cells that are attached to the basement membrane

Question 5

What is the classification of epithelium?

Answer 5

Firstly by number and types of layers, then by cell shape

Question 6

What are the types of layers in an epithelium and describe them

Answer 6

Simple - single layer allowing diffusion
Stratified - multiple layers protecting deeper layers from wear and tear
Pseudostratified - single layers that seems to consist of multiple layers as they have nuclei at different levels

Question 7

What are cell shapes in epithelium?

Answer 7

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

Question 8

What does the integumentary system compose of?

Answer 8

Skin, hair, nails, nerve endings

one of the largest organs up to 1.5-2m squared

Question 9

What is an arrestor pill?

Answer 9

Smooth muscle activated by cold or emotional response

Question 10

What are the five layers of the skin from inner to outer?

Answer 10

1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Question 11

What is the papillary layer of the dermis ?

Answer 11

Loose areolar connective tissue highly vascularised

Question 12

What is the reticular layer of the dermis?

Answer 12

Dense irregular connective tissue, ducts of holocrine sebaceous glands and merocrine sudoriferous glands

Question 13

What is the musculoskeletal composed of?

Answer 13

Connective tissue
Bones
Muscle

Question 14

What are three types of muscle tissues?

Answer 14

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

Question 15

What are four divisions of then nervous system?

Answer 15

Central
Somatic/autonomic
Motor/sensory
Autonomic -sympathetic/parasympathetic

Question 16

What does the motor and sensory nervous systems consist of?

Answer 16

Sensory = somatic and visceral 
Motor = somatic and autonomic

Question 17

What are Glial cells ?

Answer 17

Supporting and protective cells of the nervous system

Question 18

What are the three main types of Glial cells?

Answer 18

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes/schwann cells
Microglia

Question 19

What are the two major types of gland and describe them both

Answer 19

Exocrine glands - secrete materials directly into ducts or onto the apical epithelial surface
Endocrine glands - ductless glands that secrete materials through the basal surface which diffuses through the basement membrane, connective tissues and into the blood

Question 20

Describe exocrine gland shape

Answer 20

• Tubular structure

- Alveolar structure

Question 21

Describe exocrine gland secretion

Answer 21

• Holocrine - cell accumulates substance for secretion
• Merocrine - secretion occurs by exocytosis
• Apocrine - small pieces of cell containing secretion breaks off and cell repairs itself

Question 22

What are the four main functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 22

• maintaining homeostasis of blood competition and volume
• controlling reproductive activities
• regulation development, growth and metabolism
• controlling digestive processes

Question 23

Describe the thyroid and its function

Answer 23

Anterior to the trachea, butterfly shape, produces the release of thyroid hormone.

• Increases protein synthesis
• Increase glucose uptake
• Increase breathing, heart rate etc
• Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
• Decreased glycogenesis and lipogenesis

Question 24

Describe the adrenal glands

Answer 24

• adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation
• adrenal Cortex releases corticosteroids

Question 25

Describe the pancreas and function

Answer 25

Both exocrine and endocrine, pancreatic islets:alpha cells produce glucagon, beta cells produce insulin

Question 26

Describe the cardiovascular system

Answer 26

systematic and pulmonary circulation | heart located in the mediastinum enclosed in the pericardium

Question 27

What are the lymphatic trunks and ducts?

Answer 27

Trunks - serve a specific body area, jugular subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar Ducts - largest lymph vessels - carry lymph into venous circulation

Question 28

Describe the lungs

Answer 28

Paired structures. within the thoracic cavity protected by the rib cage Right = 3 lobes Left = 2 lobes Hilum = entry/exit for blood vessels, bronchi and nerves

Question 29

What are the muscles of quiet breathing?

Answer 29

- Diaphragm | - External intercostals

Question 30

What are the muscles of forced inspiration?

Answer 30

- Sternocleidomastoid - Scalenes - Pectoralis minor - Serratus posterior superior - Erector spinae

Question 31

What are the muscles of forced expirations?

Answer 31

- Internal intercostals - Abdominal muscles - Transverse thoracic - Serratus posterior inferior

Question 32

What is the serous membranes?

Answer 32

one adhered to the surface of the lungs (visceral pleura) one to the internal surface of the thoracic wall diaphragm and mediastinum (parietal pleura)

Question 33

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 33

- Filtration of blood and removal of waste products - Calcitriol formation - Erythropoetin production and release - ion level regulation and acid-base balance - blood pressure regulation

Question 34

What are the 2 main structures of the nephron?

Answer 34

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 35

What is the detrusor muscle?

Answer 35

smooth muscle bundles in the bladder that contract when the bladder empties

Question 36

What are gonads?

Answer 36

primary reproductive organs- ovaries and testes

Question 37

What is the urogenital triangle?

Answer 37

contains urethral and vaginal orifices in females and base of penis and scrotum in makes

Question 38

Describe the mammary glands

Answer 38

Located on anterior thoracic wall, subdivided into lobes and then subdivided into lobules

Question 39

What are the duct systems and accessory glands in male urinary/ reproductive systems?

Answer 39

- Epididymis - Ductus deferens - Ejaculatory duct - Urethra

Question 40

What does the upper gastrointestinal tract contain?

Answer 40

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach

Question 41

What does the lower gastrointestinal tract contain?

Answer 41

small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

Question 42

What elements make up the stomach?

Answer 42

- Muscular sac - mechanical and chemical digestion - Bolus passes down oesophagus - Cardia, fungus, body and pylorus

Question 43

What makes up the small intestine?

Answer 43

Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum

Question 44

What is the greater omentum?

Answer 44

Apron that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most abdominal organs

Question 45

What is the mesentery proper?

Answer 45

fan shapes peritoneal fold that suspends most of the small intestine from internal surface posterior abdominal wall