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Biology Semester 2 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

How many neurones does the brain contain?

A

86 billion neurones

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2
Q

Describe three cell properties

A

Cell excitability
Conductivity
Secretia

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3
Q

Describe myelination

A

Insulates the neurone for more rapid conduction
Saltatory conduction across nodes of ranvier
Schwann cells myelinate peripheral axons
Oligodendrocytes myelinated CNS axon

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4
Q

Describe Multiple sclerosis

A

Myelination of central nerve cells = targeted

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5
Q

Describe guillan barré syndrome

A

Myelination of peripheral nerves = targeted

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6
Q

Describe postsynaptic response

A
  • Excitatory post synaptic potential caused by excitatory neurotransmitter receptors e.g. glutamate, ACh
  • Inhibitory post synaptic potential caused by inhibitory neurotransmitters e.g. GABA, Glycine
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7
Q

Describe inhibitory GABAergic Synapse

A

Action potential triggers GABA release which crosses synapse
Receptors trigger opening of CL- and influx of inhibitory post synaptic potential therefore less likely to reach threshold

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8
Q

Describe an agonist

A

Chemical that binds to a receptor thus activating the receptor to produce a molecule/response

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9
Q

Describe an antagonist

A

Chemical that intercepts with a receptor to inhibit the action of an agonist

  • competitive binds to active site
  • non-competitive binds to allosteric site
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10
Q

Describe 5 drugs altering receptor activity

A

Nicotine - agonist of nicotinic ACh receptors
Antipsychotics - olanzapine = antagonist of dopamine
Buprenophine - partial agonist of the opioid receptor
Benzodiazepines - CNS depressant increase GABAa receptor activity
Alcohol - alters GABAa activity channel = open for longer

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11
Q

Describe three antidepressants

A
  1. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
  2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  3. Nerve agents VX gas
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12
Q

Describe Glia (6 types )

A
  • Ependymal cells - form permeable barrier between CFS + tissue fluid
  • Microglial cells - forms permeable barrier between CFS and tissue fluid
  • Astrocytes - star shaped cells with increased branches, provide mechanical support and supply CNS neurones with nutrients maintain extracellular environment - have perivascular feet
  • Oligodendrocytes - myelinated CNS neurones
  • Satellite cells - surround cell bodies in PNS ganglia to give physical support
  • Schwann cells - Myelinate PNS fibres
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13
Q

What are the 4 main transmitters in somatic nervous system?

A
  1. ACh
  2. Nicotinic
  3. Muscarinic
  4. NA
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14
Q

Describe the cerebrum and Diencephalon

A 
Cerebrum = high brain functions 
Diencephalon = low brain functions
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15
Q

Describe the two cerebral hemispheres

A

4 lobes joined by corpus callosum

  • frontal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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16
Q

What is gyrification?

A

Characteristic folds increase surface area of cortex

17
Q

What is the grey and white matter in the brain?

A 
Grey = cell bodies 
White = axons
18
Q

Describe the cerebrum

A

Covered in the neural cortex

Comprised of ridges (gyri) to increase surface area and grooves (sulk) and large grooves (fissures)

19
Q

Describe the frontal lobe

A

-Pre frontal cortex
High level of thought and decision making
Inhibiting impulse and actions
Personality
-Motor cortex
Process and transmit information with position and movement
Plans and coordinates fine movements via basal ganglia

20
Q

Describe the parietal lobe

A

-Sensory association
primary sensory Cortex - detects sensations - touch and pressure
-Spatial orientation and processing
- Memory for numeracy and spelling

21
Q

Describe the occipital lobe

A
  • Sensory
  • Main vision centre of the brain
  • Visual information from eyes processed
22
Q

Describe Diencephalon

A
  • thalamus, hypothalamus
  • integration of nervous and endocrine systems
  • structural and functional link between hemispheres + brain stem
  • filters sensory information
  • involved in memory + autonomic function
23
Q

Describe the hippocampus memory

A

Cerebullum - movements and sensations
Basal ganglia - regulation of movement
Brain stem - mid brain, medulla oblongata controlling vital functions

Biology Semester 2 (7 decks)

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