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Biology Semester 2 > Control of Blood Glucose > Flashcards

Control of Blood Glucose Flashcards

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1
Q

How is glucose transported in the blood?

A

Attached to haemoglobin on red blood cells

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2
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels?

A

4-8 mol/|L or 70-100mg/dL

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3
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

to much glucose so its present in urine

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4
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

to little glucose in the blood

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5
Q

What are 4 glucose metabolism mechanisms?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Glycogenesis
  3. Glycogenolysis
  4. Gluconeogenesis
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6
Q

Describe the role of insulin release

A

Stimulates hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells to synthesis glycogen

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7
Q

Describe the role of glycagen release

A

Stored in hepatocytes broken down to release glucose

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8
Q

Describe the absorptive state

A

Ingested nutrients entering the blood - effects of insulin dominate

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9
Q

Describe the post absorptive state

A

Absorption in small intestine nearly complete, blood glucose levels decrease
-main metabolic challenge to maintain normal blood glucose levels for red blood cells and neurones

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10
Q

Describe the effect of blood glucose increase

A

Insulin secretion increase

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11
Q

Describe the effect of blood glucose decrease

A

Glucagon levels increase

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12
Q

Describe the exocrine gland

A

Secretes enzymes to breakdown the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acid in food

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13
Q

Describe endocrine gland

A

Secretes hormones: insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day
-islet of langerhan- alpha cell, beta cell and delta cell (secretes somatostatin)

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14
Q

How does insulin secretion constantly adjust to achieve homeostatic maintenance?

A
  • lipid metabolism
  • cell growth
  • protein synthesis
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15
Q

What does the insulin signal transduction cascade result in?

A

Hexokinase activation so glucose is phosphorylated, glycolysis is inhibited

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16
Q

Describe the insulin release transporter mechanism

A
  1. Glucose enters beta cells is metabolised via glycolysis and Krebs cycle
  2. Metabolism causes high rates of ATP
  3. Increase in intracellular ATP: ADP ratios closes the ATP sensitive K+ channels. Prevents K+ from leaving cell by facilitated diffusion leading to build up of intracellular K+ ions. Inside becomes less negative therefore depolarisation
  4. Voltage gated Ca2+ ion channels open and Ca2+ move in via facilitated diffusion
  5. Increase in Ca2+ in cytoplasm causes insulin release into blood stored in extracellular secretory vesicles
17
Q

Describe glucagon

A

Peptide hormone

Secreted from alpha cells of pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels and sympathetic ANS activation in exertion

18
Q

Describe Amylin

A

Co-secreted with insulin from beta cells in ratio 100:1
Has a role in glycemic regulation by slowing gastric emptying and promoting satiety thereby preventing post meal spikes in blood glucose

19
Q

Describe the glucose response in fight/flight

A

Extra glucose required

  • adrenal medulla secretes increased levels of adrenaline
  • adrenaline inhibits insulin and promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose
20
Q

What are three glucocorticoids?

And describe the role

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Corticosterone
  3. Cortisone
    Secretion under negative feedback system
    low levels cause adrenocorticotropic hormone, helps provide energy burst to deal with stress
21
Q

Describe diabetes and three key symptoms

A 
Persistent hyperglycaemia 
Decrease in life experience 
-Tiredness 
-Polydipsia
-Polyuria
22
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

23
Q

Describe the glucose tolerance test

A

Measures how well body cells are able to absorb glucose after consumption

  • 2 hour 75gram oral glucose test
  • Fasting for 8-12 hours previous
24
Q

describe the HbA1c Blood test

A

Amount of glucose combines with Hb total amount of sugar that is in the body system
-Glycolated haemoglobin
-Reflects average blood glucose levels over duration of 8-12 weeks lifespan of red blood cells
If HbA1c < 42mmol/L = normal
HbA1c > 47mmol/L = diabetic

25
Q

Describe the symptoms of hyperglycaemia

A
  • unexplained weight loss
  • random venous plasma glucose > 11.1mmol/L
  • fasting plasma glucose >7.0mmol/L
  • 2 hour plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol/L
26
Q

What are the microvascular complications of diabetes?

A
  • Eyes
  • Kidneys
  • Neuropathy
27
Q

What are the macrovascular complications of diabetes?

A
  • Brain
  • Heart
  • Extremities
28
Q

What is retinopathy, neuropathy and Nephropathy,

A 
Retinopathy = abnormal blood flow to eyes 
Neuropathy = damage to nerves 
Nephropathy = damage to kidney vessels

Biology Semester 2 (7 decks)

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