Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Semester 2 > Endocrine Control > Flashcards

Endocrine Control Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe hormone receptors

A
  • only effects specific target tissues
  • receptors are constantly synthesised
  • if hormone level is high receptors are down regulated
  • if hormone level is low receptors are upregulated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe mechanisms of action of hormones

A
  • Depends on cell and hormone
  • Hormones must bind to their receptors which then trigger synthesis, degradation, motility changes=, secretion and electrical impulses
  • Target cells tend to have 2000-10000 receptors per hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe lipid hormones

A
  1. hormone diffuses into cell
  2. activated receptor hormone complex alters gene expression
  3. newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
  4. new proteins alter cell activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe water soluble hormones

A
  1. binding of hormone to its receptor activates G-protein which activates adenylate cyclase
  2. activated adenylate cyclase converts ATP to CAMP
  3. CAMP serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinase
  4. activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular protein
  5. millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce a physiological response
  6. Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is synergistic?

A

Working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Antagonistic?

A

Work separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe peptide hormones

A

Degraded by plasma enzymes = short half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe lipid hormones

A

Bound to carrier globulins can be deactivated by passage through the liver = longer half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

major link between nervous and endocrine - controls the pituitary gland which secretes multiple hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 8 hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus?

A 
Thyrotropin releasing 
Dopamine
Growth Hormone 
Somatostatin 
Gonadotropin 
Corticotropin 
Oxytocin 
Vasopressin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 11 hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland and separated into Anterior, Posterior and Intermediate?

A

Anterior

  • Growth hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic
  • Folecule stimulating
  • Leutinising
  • Prolactin
  • thyroid stimulating

Posterior

  • Oxytocin
  • Vasopressin
  • Oxytocin stored
  • Antidiuretic

Intermediate
- Melanocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 2 hormones are secreted by the thyroid?

A

Triiodothyronine

Thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe somotrophs

A

secrete human growth hormone which stimulates tissues to release insulin like growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe Thyrotrophs

A

secrete thyroid stimulating hormone to regulate the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe gonadotrophs

A

sex cells secrete FSH and LH cause secretion of oestrogen and progesterone in ovaries, sperm production and testosterone in testes

17
Q

Describe lactotrophs

A

secrete prolactin

18
Q

Describe Corticotrophs

A

secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulate adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids some secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone

19
Q

What 5 secreting cells can be found in the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Somotrophs
  2. Thyrotrophs
  3. Gonadotrophs
  4. Lactotrophs
  5. Corticotrophs
20
Q

Describe the negative feedback regulation of the pituitary gland

A
  1. negative feedback hormones from target glands decreases activity of the pituitary gland
  2. secretory activity of thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and corticotrophs are decreased when blood levels of their target gland hormone rise
21
Q

What are the most abundant cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatrophs

22
Q

Describe diabetogenic effect of hGH

A

stimulates hyperglycaemia in turn stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin constantly which can cause beta cell burnout therefore causing diabetes

23
Q

Describe the posterior pituitary

A
  • Does not synthesise hormones it stores and releases 2 hormones, oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)
  • consists of axons and axon terminals, more than 10000 hypothalamic neuro-secretory cells
  • produced in hypothalamus where they are packaged into vesicles and stored in axon terminals
  • nerve impulses trigger their exocytosis
24
Q

Describe the thyroid gland

A
  • inferior to the larynx composed of right and left lateral lobes on either side of trachea
  • thyroid follicles make up most of the thyroid gland
  • produces tetraidothyromine and triiodothyronine
  • stores its hormones in large quantities
  • maintain internal integrity of the tissue
25
Q

Describe the action and release of thyroid hormones

A
  1. low blood levels of T3/ T4 pr low metabolic rate stimulate release of TRH
  2. TRH carried by hypophyseal portal veins to anterior pituitary stimulates release of TSH
  3. TSH released into the blood, stimulates thyroid follicular cells
  4. T3/T4 released into blood by follicular cells
  5. Elevated T3 inhibits release of THR and TSH (negative feedback system)
26
Q

Describe the parathyroid gland

A

2 cells

  • Chief cells producing parathyroid hormone
  • Oxyphilic cells - function not known
27
Q

Describe thyroid issues

A
  • congenital hypothyroidism
  • severe mental retardation
  • stunted bone growth
  • myxedema
28
Q

Describe graves disease

A

-most common form of hyperthyroidism
-autoimmune disease
-thyroid gland produces more thyroid hormones
symptoms:
Goiter, Tachycardia, weightloss and sleeping trouble

29
Q

Describe the adrenal gland

A
  • outer adrenal cortex
  • inner adrenal medulla
  • cortex produces steroid hormones essential for life
  • medulla produces 3 catecholamines
    1. noradrenaline
    2. adrenaline
    3. dopamine
30
Q

Describe androgens

A

natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance if male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors

  • no real effects in males after puberty
  • after menopause its the only source of oestrogen in women
31
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla

A
  • Modified sympathetic ganglion of ANS
  • Cells known as chromatin cells lack axons and cluster around large blood vessels
  • Secrete noradrenaline and adrenaline upon sympathetic innervation strengthen the fight/flight
32
Q

Describe cushings syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol metabolic complications

33
Q

Describe Addisons disease

A

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

34
Q

Describe the pineal glands

A
  • consist of neuroglia and secretory cells
  • secretes melatonin
  • potent antioxidant that may provide protection from free radicals
35
Q

Describe stress response

A

Eustress- prepares us to meet certain challenge us - useful

Distress- harmful to the body

Biology Semester 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions