Tissues Recap

Question 1

What are the four primary tissue types?

Answer 1

• Nerve
• Muscle
• Epithelium
• Connective Tissue

Question 2

What are the characteristics of all tissues?

Answer 2

Groups of cells
Similar in structure
Common function

Question 3

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 3

communication and control

Question 4

What is the function of epithelia tissue?

Answer 4

covering and lining body surfaces

Question 5

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 5

support and protection

Question 6

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 6

movement and generation of heat

Question 7

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 7

• Communication and control
• Highly cellular
  Neurons
  Neuroglia
• Lectures 2-6

Question 8

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 8

• Excitable
• Contractile =
• Movement (body, organs)
• Stability
• Heat generation

Question 9

What physical characteristics are used to differentiate between the three different types of muscle tissues?

Answer 9

Physical characteristics of the 3 muscle types differ according to:
* Presence or absence of striations
(striations = regular arrangement of myofibrils
- actin and myosin filaments)
* Cell shape (cylindrical, branching, fusiform)
* Cell length (long vs short)
* Number of nuclei in a cell (one vs several)
* Position of nuclei (peripheral vs central)
* Intercalated discs (present vs absent)

Question 10

What types of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 10

Skeletal (voluntary)

Question 11

What types of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 11

Cardiac (involuntary)

Question 12

What types of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 12

Smooth (involuntary)

Question 13

What types of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 13

skeletal

Question 14

What types of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 14

cardiac

Question 15

What types of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 15

smooth

Question 16

Information that you should know regarding epithelium (on the other side).

Answer 16

• Sheets of closely adhering cells (lots of cells, little extracellular matrix)
• May be single or multilayered
• Polarity (apical, basal, lateral)
  Lumen
• Apical surface usually exposed to the environment or a lumen
• Basal surface - basement membrane
  (basal lamina)
• Avascular
• Regenerative
• Covers the body surface (epidermis), lines body cavities, forms external and internal linings of many organs and constitutes most gland tissue

Question 17

What does epithelia do and what is its function?

Answer 17

Creates a selective barrier between external environment and underlying tissue.
Specialised for absorptive, secretory, protective, or sensory activities.

Question 18

Epithelia are named according to 2 criteria, what are these criteria?

Answer 18

1. number of layers (simple, stratified)
2. shape of cells (always top layer - squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

Question 19

Basic Stuff to know regarding Organs (on the other side).

Answer 19

Basic structure = Tubes within tubes
Know the basic structure - everything that follows is simply a variation on the theme

Question 20

What is lamina propria?

Answer 20

The lamina propria is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa.

Question 21

Simple squamous histology photo (on the other side).

Answer 21

Question 22

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue histology photo + example (on the other side).

Answer 22

Example = Dura mater of brain and spinal cord

Question 23

Simple cuboidal histology photo (on the other side)

Answer 23

Question 24

Simple columnar histology photo (on the other side)

Answer 24

Question 25

Stratified squamous keratinised vs non-keratinised histology photos (on the other side)

Answer 25

Question 26

Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar histology photo (on the other side).

Answer 26

Question 27

Transitional epithelia histology photos (on the other side).

Answer 27

Transitional epithelia makes up parts of the urinary system.

Question 28

The 3 types of cartilage histology photos (on the other side).

Answer 28

Question 29

What is adipose tissue? (histology photo on the other side).

Answer 29

Areolar CT (loose) that is modified to store nutrients. If you empty the fat droplet, the cells look like a fibrocyte.

Question 30

Blood histology photos (on the other side).

Answer 30

Question 31

Application of these principles to tissue identification (on the other side).

Answer 31

Question 32

Epithelial apical specialisations - cilia and microvilli.

Answer 32

Question 33

What are the function of microvilli.

Answer 33

Microvilli = increased surface area (= increased capacity to move substances across the cell membrane)

Question 34

What are the functions of cilia.

Answer 34

Cilia = movement across the surface of cells

Question 35

How to tell the difference between cilia and microvilli (on the other side).

Answer 35

Cilia are much taller and wider compared to microvilli and have a more complicated internal structure

Question 36

What is a gland?

Answer 36

Gland = cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body.

Question 37

What are the 2 types of glands?

Answer 37

1. Exocrine 2. Endocrine

Question 38

What is an exocrine gland?

Answer 38

Exocrine - usually maintains contact with surface by way of duct (a tube of epithelium that conveys secretion to surface). Examples = salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands

Question 39

What is an endocrine gland?

Answer 39

Endocrine - no contact with surface (lost during development), so no ducts; product (= hormones) is secreted directly into the blood. Examples = pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands

Question 40

Some additional info regarding endocrine and exocrine glands.

Answer 40

Some organs have both exocrine and endocrine functions, e.g. pancreas Some glands are unicellular, e.g. goblet cells

Question 41

What is connective tissue and what is its function? (+ some additional info to know regarding connective tissue on the other side).

Answer 41

Connective Tissue * Most widely variable of all tissue types * Varied functions: * Binding * Transport * Support * Protection * Insulation (BTS PI) * Extracellular matrix separates cells * May or may not be vascularised

Question 42

What does connective tissue contain?

Answer 42

Contains: * Cells (widely separated) * Matrix 1. Fibres (proteins), 2. Ground substance

Question 43

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 43

1. General (fibrous) connective tissue 2. Specialised Connective tissues

Question 44

What are the subtypes of general (fibrous) connective tissue?

Answer 44

Two subgroups: * Loose CT (Areolar, Reticular) * Dense CT (Dense regular, Dense irregular)

Question 45

What are the subtypes of specialised connective tissues?

Answer 45

* Adipose tissue * Lymphoid tissue * Blood (lecture) * Cartilage * Bone

Question 46

What fibres is Loose (areolar) connective tissue made up of? (+ histology photos on the side side).

Answer 46

Elastic Fibres + Reticular fibres + Collagen Fibres

Question 47

What are some characteristics of collagen fibres?

Answer 47

* very strong, * high tensile strength, * slightly wavy appearance when not under tension but not elastic.

Question 48

What are some characteristics of elastic fibres.

Answer 48

Capacity to stretch and recoil

Question 49

What are some characteristics of reticular fibres?

Answer 49

Very fine / not visible is most photomicrographs used in HB2

Question 50

Dense regular connective tissue histology photos (On the other side)

Answer 50

Question 51

How to differentiate between dense regular connective tissue & smooth muscle (on the other side).

Answer 51

Not to be confused with smooth muscle. Look for waviness (collagen) and arrangement of cell nuclei. Location.