Tissues Recap Flashcards
What are the four primary tissue types?
- Nerve
- Muscle
- Epithelium
- Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of all tissues?
Groups of cells
Similar in structure
Common function
What is the function of nervous tissue?
communication and control
What is the function of epithelia tissue?
covering and lining body surfaces
What is the function of connective tissue?
support and protection
What is the function of muscle tissue?
movement and generation of heat
What is the function of nervous tissue?
- Communication and control
- Highly cellular
Neurons
Neuroglia - Lectures 2-6
What is the function of muscle tissue?
- Excitable
- Contractile =
- Movement (body, organs)
- Stability
- Heat generation
What physical characteristics are used to differentiate between the three different types of muscle tissues?
Physical characteristics of the 3 muscle types differ according to:
* Presence or absence of striations
(striations = regular arrangement of myofibrils
- actin and myosin filaments)
* Cell shape (cylindrical, branching, fusiform)
* Cell length (long vs short)
* Number of nuclei in a cell (one vs several)
* Position of nuclei (peripheral vs central)
* Intercalated discs (present vs absent)
What types of muscle tissue is this?
Skeletal (voluntary)
What types of muscle tissue is this?
Cardiac (involuntary)
What types of muscle tissue is this?
Smooth (involuntary)
What types of muscle tissue is this?
skeletal
What types of muscle tissue is this?
cardiac
What types of muscle tissue is this?
smooth
Information that you should know regarding epithelium (on the other side).
- Sheets of closely adhering cells (lots of cells, little extracellular matrix)
- May be single or multilayered
- Polarity (apical, basal, lateral)
Lumen - Apical surface usually exposed to the environment or a lumen
- Basal surface - basement membrane
(basal lamina) - Avascular
- Regenerative
- Covers the body surface (epidermis), lines body cavities, forms external and internal linings of many organs and constitutes most gland tissue
What does epithelia do and what is its function?
Creates a selective barrier between external environment and underlying tissue.
Specialised for absorptive, secretory, protective, or sensory activities.
Epithelia are named according to 2 criteria, what are these criteria?
- number of layers (simple, stratified)
- shape of cells (always top layer - squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
Basic Stuff to know regarding Organs (on the other side).
Basic structure = Tubes within tubes
Know the basic structure - everything that follows is simply a variation on the theme
What is lamina propria?
The lamina propria is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa.
Simple squamous histology photo (on the other side).
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue histology photo + example (on the other side).
Example = Dura mater of brain and spinal cord
Simple cuboidal histology photo (on the other side)
Simple columnar histology photo (on the other side)
Stratified squamous keratinised vs non-keratinised histology photos (on the other side)
Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar histology photo (on the other side).
Transitional epithelia histology photos (on the other side).
Transitional epithelia makes up parts of the urinary system.
The 3 types of cartilage histology photos (on the other side).
What is adipose tissue? (histology photo on the other side).
Areolar CT (loose) that is modified to store nutrients.
If you empty the fat droplet, the cells look like a fibrocyte.
Blood histology photos (on the other side).
Application of these principles to tissue identification (on the other side).
Epithelial apical specialisations - cilia and microvilli.
What are the function of microvilli.
Microvilli = increased surface area (= increased
capacity to move substances across the cell membrane)
What are the functions of cilia.
Cilia = movement across the surface of cells
How to tell the difference between cilia and microvilli (on the other side).
Cilia are much taller and wider compared to microvilli and have a more complicated internal structure
What is a gland?
Gland = cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body.
What are the 2 types of glands?
- Exocrine
- Endocrine
What is an exocrine gland?
Exocrine - usually maintains contact with surface by way of duct (a tube of epithelium that conveys
secretion to surface). Examples = salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands
What is an endocrine gland?
Endocrine - no contact with surface (lost during development), so no ducts; product (= hormones) is
secreted directly into the blood. Examples = pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands
Some additional info regarding endocrine and exocrine glands.
Some organs have both exocrine and endocrine functions, e.g. pancreas
Some glands are unicellular, e.g. goblet cells
What is connective tissue and what is its function? (+ some additional info to know regarding connective tissue on the other side).
Connective Tissue
* Most widely variable of all tissue types
* Varied functions:
* Binding
* Transport
* Support
* Protection
* Insulation
(BTS PI)
- Extracellular matrix separates cells
- May or may not be vascularised
What does connective tissue contain?
Contains:
* Cells (widely separated)
* Matrix
1. Fibres (proteins),
2. Ground substance
What are the different types of connective tissue?
- General (fibrous) connective tissue
- Specialised Connective tissues
What are the subtypes of general (fibrous) connective tissue?
Two subgroups:
* Loose CT (Areolar, Reticular)
* Dense CT (Dense regular, Dense irregular)
What are the subtypes of specialised connective tissues?
- Adipose tissue
- Lymphoid tissue
- Blood (lecture)
- Cartilage
- Bone
What fibres is Loose (areolar) connective tissue made up of? (+ histology photos on the side side).
Elastic Fibres + Reticular fibres + Collagen Fibres
What are some characteristics of collagen fibres?
- very strong,
- high tensile strength,
- slightly wavy appearance when not under tension but not elastic.
What are some characteristics of elastic fibres.
Capacity to stretch and recoil
What are some characteristics of reticular fibres?
Very fine / not visible is most photomicrographs
used in HB2
Dense regular connective tissue histology photos (On the other side)
How to differentiate between dense regular connective tissue & smooth muscle (on the other side).
Not to be confused with smooth muscle. Look for waviness (collagen) and arrangement of cell nuclei. Location.
