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Human Bio II Flashcards > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
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Learning outcomes

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  • Describe the functions of the digestive system.
  • Describe the anatomy of the digestive system and identify the gross and microscopic anatomical features.
  • Describe the general arrangement of the layers of the gut
  • Describe the major processes of digestion.
  • Describe the structure of each part of the digestive tract and relate it to function.
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2
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Digestive system

A
  • General characteristics of digestive systems
  • Specialisations of the human digestive system
  • Organs
  • Accessory glands
  • Enzymes
  • Motility
  • Regulation
  • Circulation
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2
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Gastrovascular cavity

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  • Digestive compartment with a single opening (mouth)
  • Functions in both digestion &
    distribution of nutrients
    > Extracellular digestion of large
    food masses
    > Specialisation of cells lining the lumen of the cavity for forming digestive secretions & absorption
  • Enables an organism to ingest food much larger than any of its cells
    could take in directly
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2
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2
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Phylogeny of the digestive system

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Intracellular digestion:
* Protozoa & sponges
* Digestion is entirely intracellular (occurs within the cell)
* Food particle is enclosed within a food vacuole by phagocytosis
* Digestive enzymes added to vacuole (= compartmentalisation)
Limitations to intracellular digestion:
* Only particles small enough to be phagocytised can be ingested
* Every cell must be capable of secreting the necessary enzymes and
* Absorbing the products of digestion into its cytoplasm

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2
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Major regions of the alimentary canal

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  • Regionalisation and specialisation
  • Digestion occurs sequentially
  • Regions of the alimentary canal vary
  • Sphincters & valves control flow
  • Accessory organs and glands
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2
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Layers of the digestive tract wall

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2
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Digestive Function

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Stages of digestion
Restion: mlective intakerical reakdown of
food
* Absorption: uptake of nutrient molecules into
epithelial cells of digestive tract and then to blood
and lymph
* Compaction: absorption of water and consolidation
of the indigestible residue
* Defecation: elimination of waste

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2
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3
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Alimentary canal

A

Evolution of complete mouth to anus alimentary systems
: Vales et senties centrol mathg the di estive oves in one direction
* Extracellular digestion: digestion of large food particles
* Increasing regional specialisation: sequencing of processes

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4
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Major regions of the alimentary canal

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5
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Digestive processes

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Mechanical digestion: Physical breakdown of food
* Cutting and grinding: teeth
* Churning and mixing: stomach & SI
Chemical digestion: Enzymes (produced by glands associated with the digestive tract)
* Amylase: Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) → monosaccharides
* Pepsin, proteases & peptidases: Proteins (polypeptides) → amino acids
* Lipase: Fats → monoglycerides and fatty acids
Some nutrients can be absorbed without being digested
* E.g. vitamins, free amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, water

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6
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Motility

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7
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Arterial circulation

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7
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Serous Membranes

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7
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Peritoneum

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8
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8
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Neural control of the digestive tract

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8
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Hepatic portal circulation

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9
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10
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ANS control of the digestive system

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11
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Herbivore or carnivore?

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12
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Salivary Glands

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12
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Learning outcomes

A
  • For each organ & gland of the digestive tract:
  • Macroanatomy
    o Microanatomy
    o Relate structure to function
    o Digestive processes
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12
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The Oral (Buccal) Cavity

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13
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glands

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14
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14
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Tongue

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14
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15
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Lips & Cheeks

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  • Lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
    Hold & retain food and drink
  • Essential for suckling by infant mammals
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16
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Saliva and the Salivary Glands

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Salivation
* Controlled by the brainstem
* Stimuli = presence of food and odour, sight, or thought of food
* ANS response:
* Parasympathetics stimulate salivary glands to produce much thin, enzyme-rich saliva
> Sympathetics stimulate salivary glands to produce less saliva but thicker mucus-rich saliva
Saliva
* Moistens and lubricates food
* Contains water &
- Salivary amylase: enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
- Lingual lipase: enzyme that begins fat digestion in the mouth and is further activated by
stomach acid & continues to digest fat after food is swallowed
- Mucus: binds & lubricates food & aids in swallowing
- Lysozyme: enzyme that kills bacteria
- Antibodies that inhibits bacterial growth
- Electrolytes
-ase = denoting an enzyme

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17
Q

Summary: Digestion in the oral cavity

A
  • Mechanical digestion of food
  • Salivary amylase begins digestion of carbohydrates (starch)
    (polysaccharides > oligosaccharides + maltose)
  • Lingual lipase begins digestion of fats
    poly-= many
    oligo-= few
    saccharon = sugar
    -ose = pertaining to sugar
    lipose = fat, grease
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18
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Pharynx

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19
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Swallowing (deglutition)

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Swaroin oscurs inting peater in medulla oblongata
> Buccal phase: under voluntary control
* Pharyngoesophageal phase: involuntary

19
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Swallowing (deglutition) photo

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20
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swallowing photo

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20
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Esophagus

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21
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Esophagus (oesophagus)

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22
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Esophagus

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MUCOSA
* Nonkeratinised stratified squamous epithelia
> For protection from abrasion from food bolus

23
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Stomach

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23
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Esophagus

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24
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Gastro-esophageal junction

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25
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Stomach

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26
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Gastric mucosa

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27
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Pepsin

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28
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Gastric Motility

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29
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Summary: Digestion in the stomach

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  • Mechanical digestion of food (churning)
  • Pepsin partially digests proteins into shorter peptide chains
  • Gastric lipase & lingual lipase begin fat digestion
  • However, most digestion and absorption occurs after the food (chyme) leaves the stomach
30
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Gastroduodenal junction

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31
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Small Intestine

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32
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Accessory glands associated with the small intestine: Liver photo

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32
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Accessory glands associated with the small intestine: Liver

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LIVER
: Sle aids in fat digestion & absorpkion by
emulsifying fats
GALLBLADDER
* Stores & concentrates bile

33
Q

Accessory glands associated with the small intestine: Pancreas

A
  • Secretes pancreatic enzymes into the SI
    *Pancreatic amylase: digests carbohydrates
    *Pancreatic lipase: digests fat
  • Secretes zymogens (digestive enzymes secreted as inactive proteins & converted to active enzymes)
    *= proteases & peptidases
  • digest proteins & small peptides
  • Secretes bicarbonate into the SI
  • Neutralizes stomach acids
  • Secretes insulin & glucagon into the blood
  • Maintains blood sugar levels
34
Q

Accessory glands associated with the small intestine: Pancreas photo

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35
Q

Small intestine

A

PLICAE CIRCULARES
* Circular folds of the mucosa & submucosa
: Focur from the do dina ido the middle
of the ileum
* Cause chyme to flow in spiral path contact with mucosa
* Slows passage of chime
* Promotes more thorough mixing &
nutrient absorption
* increase surface area by a factor of 2 to 3
VILLI
* Fingerlike projections
* Are folds of the epithelia
* increase surface area by a factor of 10

35
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Small intestine

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36
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Intestinal villi

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37
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Villus

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38
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Carbohydrate digestion & absorption in SI

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Carbohydrate (starch) → Oligosaccharides → maltose (disaccharide) → glucose
Salivary amylase (mouth) hydrolyzes starch into oligosaccharides
Salivary amylase stops working in stomach at pH less than 4.5

39
Q

Carbohydrate digestion & absorption in SI photo

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40
Q

Protein digestion & absorption in SI

A

Pepsin (stomach) digests 10 - 15% of dietary protein into shorter peptides and
some free amino acids.
Pepsin is inactivated when it enters the duodenum

40
Q

Protein digestion & absorption in SI photo

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40
Q

Other nutrients digested & absorbed in the Sl

A
  • Nucleic acids
  • Nucleases - pancreas
    #DNA & RNA → nucleotides
  • Brush border enzymes
    nucleotides → phosphate ions, ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases
  • Vitamins
    Absorbed unchanged
    By absorbed poorly unless bound to Intrinsic Factor from the stomach
  • Minerals
    Absorbed along the entire length of the Si
    ・ Water
  • Most water is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis
    ÷ (Some water absorbed in the large intestine)

unit outline requirement being satisfied: What is the most important substance absorbed by the small intestine?

40
Q

Fat digestion & absorption in SI

A

Lipases-fat-digesting enzymes
Lingual lipase is active in stomach
Lingual lipase & gastric lipase digest 10 - 15% of lipids before reaching duodenum

41
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The Large Intestine photo

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41
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Fat digestion & absorption in SI photo

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42
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Large intestine

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43
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Large intestine

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44
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Large intestine

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45
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Large intestine

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45
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Anal canal

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46
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Anorectal junction

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47
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Neural Control of
Defecation

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Human Bio II Flashcards (17 decks)

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