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BIOSCI 107 > Tissues of the human body - Epithelia > Flashcards

Tissues of the human body - Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Epithelia

A

It covers the body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities, and ducts as well as forms glands

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the Epithelia?

A

Protection, filtration, secretion, absoption, and excretion

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3
Q

True or false - epithelia lines the inside and outside of the bowels?

A

True

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4
Q

What does epithelia look like?

A

It is arranged in continuous sheets as single or multiple layers

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5
Q

What are the names for the different types of junctions

A

Tight junction
Adherens junction
Gap junction
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes

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6
Q

What is your acronym for remebeing the junctions and their different types of proteins involved?

A

Today opera came Along cause chris Gave in on Doing catherines klingon Homework in lower Klingon

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7
Q

What are the key functions of epithelial tissues?

A

Selective barriers that limit or aid transfer
Secrete waste onto a free surface
Protective against things like abrasions

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8
Q

The apical layer is located…?

A

Inside our intestines or outside of the body - on the outer surface

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9
Q

Lateral junctions include…?

A

Tight junction
Adherens junction
Gap junction
Desmosome
Hemidesmosome

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10
Q

What is the basal attached to?

A

Attached to the basement membrane

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11
Q

`Where are cytoskeletons located?

A

Inside of cells

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12
Q

Where are microfilaments found?

A

Bundled beneath cell membrane and cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is the primary function of the microfilaments?

A

Strength, alters shape, link cytoplasm to membrane, tie cells together, and muscle contraction.

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14
Q

What is an example of microfilaments?

A

ACTIN - protein

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15
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A

Microfilaments and intermediate filaments

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the intermediate filaments?

A

Strength, move materials through cytoplasm and around cell

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17
Q

What is an example of intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin

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18
Q

Describe intermediate fillaments

A

They are thicker and more course in nature

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19
Q

What would you say tight junctions looks like?

A

They look like they have been sewed together

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the Tight Junctions

A

Provide a tight barrier so material can’t slip from lumen down beside the cells into the superstitious spaces.
It is electrically tight so that ions and other material cannot slip through

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21
Q

True or false - the more strands the tighter the junction

A

True

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22
Q

What are the 2 main proteins involved in tight junctions?

A

Claudins and Occludins (they act as a damming material)

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23
Q

How do tight junctions keep cell polarity?

A

They do this by preventing migration of proteins between apical and basal surfaces

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24
Q

What is the adherens junction also know as?

A

The belt junction

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25
Q

What are the main proteins involved in the adherens junction

A

Cadherin and catenins

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26
Q

What do catenins do within the adherens junction?

A

Catenins link the ACTIN to cadherins

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27
Q

Why do Adherens junctions have a plaque layer of proteins on the inside of the cell?

A

To help join ACTINS to cadherins

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28
Q

What is the main function of the adherens junction?

A

Prevents cell separation from tension forces, like contractions.

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29
Q

What is plaque?

A

Collection of proteins inside of the cell

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30
Q

True or False - the tight junction has more basal then the adherens

A

False

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31
Q

True or False - adherens junction the only junction with plaque

A

False - Desmosome junction also contains plaque

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32
Q

Where is the Desmosome junction most common?

A

Most common in skin epithelium and cardiac cells of the heart to prevent pulling apart

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33
Q

True or false - in the adherens junction, plaque attaches to microfilaments

A

True - plaque attached to the microfilament ACTIN

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34
Q

True or false - plaque in the desmosome layer attaches to microfilaments

A

False - plaque in adherens junction attaches to microfilaments (ACTIN). Plaque in desmosome junction attached to intermediate filaments consisting of the protein Keratin.

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35
Q

Intermediate filaments in desmosome perform what function?

A

They extend from plaque from one side of the desmosome to plaque on the other side, and provide stability to cells and tissue.

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36
Q

Keratin in the desmosome junction is…?

A

A cytoskeletal intermediate filament

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37
Q

What is the main function of the Gap junction?

A

They control transfer of nutrients and waste between cells, and allow cells in tissue to communicate with one another.

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38
Q

Where are Gap junctions most important and why?

A

Parts of the nervous system, muscles in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and the uterus. They are important because information sharing in these spaces is crucial.

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39
Q

How many Connexin’s make up a single Connexon?

A

6

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40
Q

How many Connexon’s make up a hemichannel?

A

2

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41
Q

How many Hemichannels make up a Gap junction?

A

2

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42
Q

True or false - Gap junctions allow all molecules to pass through?

A

False - Gap junctions only allow ions and small molecules to diffuse through. Large molecules such as vital intercellular protein is not allowed.

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43
Q

Describe how Gap junctions form

A

6 connexins come together and form a connexon.
They then go out into the membrane and look for another connexon.
Once they find another connexon, they change orientation and join together.
They form a tunnel that connects neighboring cells - helps with diffusion of molecules and communication.

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44
Q

True or false - each connexin is made up of the same protein

A

False - each connexin is a different protein

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45
Q

Describe how proteins link in the hemidesmosome

A

Integrin works as the linking protein - it binds itself to laminin in the basement membrane - then to keratin intermediate filament in cytoplasm

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46
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the hemidesmosome?

A

Connects epithelia to basement membrane
Links cellular basal intermediate filament (keratin) to basement membrane (BM)

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47
Q

Where does the name “hemidesmosome” arise from?

A

Comes from the fact that they look like half a desmosome

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48
Q

True or false - cadherin is the transmembrane glycoprotein in hemidesmosome

A

False - it is integrin

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49
Q

True or false - cadherin is the transmembrane glycoprotein in hemidesmosome

A

False - integrin is the linking transmembrane glycoprotein in the hemisdesmosome

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50
Q

What comprises a “junctional complex”?

A

Tight junction, adherens junction, and the desmosome.

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51
Q

What are the different surfaces of the epithelial cells?

A

Apical, Lateral, and Basal

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52
Q

True or false - only some epithelia overlay the basement membrane.

A

False - ALL epithelia overlay the basement membrane

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53
Q

What are the 2 parts of the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina and Reticular lamina

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54
Q

What does the basal lamina contain?

A

Contains collagen, laminin, other proteoglycans, glycoproteins, etc.

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55
Q

What secretes basal lamina?

A

Epithelial cells

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56
Q

What does reticular lamina contain?

A

Contains fibrous proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, etc.

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57
Q

What is the reticular lamina produced by?

A

Produced by cells of the underlying connective tissue known as fibroblasts.

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58
Q

Where does the apical layer of the epithelia face?

A

Apical (free) surfaces face the bodies surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions

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59
Q

True or false - Apical layers may sometimes contain cilia or micovilli

A

True

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60
Q

What do the lateral surfaces of the epithelia face?

A

They face the adjacent cells on either side.

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61
Q

What can the lateral surfaces of epithelia contain?

A

They can contain:
Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions

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62
Q

True or false - the basal surface is opposite the apical surface in the epithelia cells?

A

True

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63
Q

Describe the relationship between the basal layer, the basement membrane, and the hemidesmosome

A

The basal surface adheres to the deepest layer of epithelial cells such as the basement membrane. Hemidesmosomes in the basal surfaces of the deepest layer of epithelial cells anchor the epithelium to the basement membrane.

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64
Q

True or false - epithelia contain blood vessels but not nerves

A

False - epithelia contain nerves not blood vessels

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65
Q

What does epithelia combine with to form special sense organs?

A

Combines with nervous tissue to make special sense organs for smell, hearing, vision, and touch.

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66
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelia tissue?

A

Covering and lining
Glandular epithelium

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67
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane

A

Supports the overlying epithelium

68
Q

True or false - Once malignant melanoma penetrates the basement membrane and goes into the surface, there is a lower risk of melanoma/sickness spreading.

A

False - once penetrated there is a higher risk of metastasis (spread)

69
Q

What are the ABCD’s of melanoma

A

Asymmetry: One half of a mole doesn’t match the other
Border irregularity: edges are ragged, notched, or blurred

70
Q

What are the ABCD’s of melanoma

A

Asymmetry: One half of a mole doesn’t match the other
Border irregularity: edges are ragged, notched, or blurred
Color: Mix of brown, black, red, white, or blue.
Diameter: Greater then 6mm

71
Q

How is covering and lining epithelia classified?

A

2 categories: a.) the arrangement of cells in layers and b.) the shapes of the cells

72
Q

What are the 3 different arrangements for covering and lining epithelia?

A

Simple, stratified, and pseudostratified

73
Q

Describe “Simple” arrangement of epithelia and its functions

A

Single layered: Used in secretion, absorption, osmosis, and filtration

74
Q

Describe “Stratified” arrangement of epithelia and its functions

A

Two or more layers: Acts as a protective barrier for underlying tissue in places where there is significant wear and tear

75
Q

Describe “pseudostratified” arrangement of epithelia and its functions

A

Appears to have multiple layers of cells because the nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface.
However - all cells reach the BM and are therefore ACTUALLY simple epithelium

76
Q

What are the 3 different shapes of epithelia cells

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

77
Q

Describe squamous shape in epithelia as well as its function

A

Flat and thin - helps allow passage via diffusion

78
Q

Describe Cuboidal shape in epithelia as well as its function

A

About as tall as they are wide (square) - may have microvilli at apical surface and assists with secretion and absorption

79
Q

Describe columnar shape in epithelia cells and their function

A

More tall then wide (columns) - assit with secretion and absorption and assist with protection of underlying tissues.
-Their apical surfaces may have microvilli or cilia

80
Q

Describe transitional shape in epithelia cells and their function

A

A stratified epithelium in which cells can change shape from cuboidal to flat and back depending on the organ shap

81
Q

Describe transitional shape in epithelia cells and their function

A

A stratified epithelium in which cells can change shape from cuboidal to flat and back depending on organ shape

82
Q

Where are transitional epithelium found?

A

Only in the urinary bladder which needs to change shape constantly to allow for urination

83
Q

What are microvilli and what is their function

A

They are cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume

83
Q

What are microvilli and what is their function

A

They are cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume

84
Q

Name the 3 types of Simple epithelia

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar

85
Q

Name the 4 types of stratified epithelia

A

Stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized)
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Transitional

86
Q

Name the different types of pseudostratfied epithelia

A

Pseudostratified columnar is the only one (ciliated or non - ciliated)

87
Q

Describe the features of simple squamous epithelium

A

Most delicate epithelium
Where their is filtration (kidneys) and diffusion (lungs); and secretion - it is where lubrication or slippery surfaces are needed

88
Q

What is the appearance of simple squamous epithelium

A

Thin, flat, and somewhat irregular like a jigsaw. Look similar to fried eggs or paving stones.

89
Q

What are some specialized subtypes of simple squamous epithelium

A

Mesothelium: lines the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities (eg heart for pericardium, plural space around lungs, etc)
Endothelium: Lines inside of heart and blood lymphatic vessels

90
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium located?

A

In Bowmans capsule in the kidney
Lines the cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Inside of the eye
Alveoli of lungs
Visceral cavity linings
Inside blood vessels
Inside heart

91
Q

Where is simple squamous epitheliam NOT found

A

In body areas subject to mechanical stress or wear and tear

92
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelia NOT found

A

In body areas subject to mechanical stress or wear and tear

93
Q

What is the function of a serous membrane and how does it perform this function

A

To reduce friction within the body. It does this by lining organs and body cavities with a layer of slick, lubricated cells

94
Q

Describe the function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Provides secretion and absorption

95
Q

Describe the appearance of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Cuboidal or hexagonal boxes

96
Q

What are the specialised subtypes of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

There are none

97
Q

`Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located

A

Pancreas ducts
Parts of kidney tubules
Smaller ducts of many glands
Secretory chambers of thyroid
Anterior surface of lens
Pigmented epithelium at posterior retina
Secretory part of some glands like thyrroid

98
Q

What are cilia, what is there function and where are the located.

A

Like seaweed in the sea.
Take material and move it along in places like the lungs and fallopian tubes

99
Q

Describe the features of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Has more cytoplasm so more organelles
Is a bigger cell therefore more metabolically active
More cytoplasm

100
Q

Describe the features of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Has more cytoplasm so more organelles
Is a bigger cell therefore more metabolically active
More cytoplasm

101
Q

Describe the 2 major subtypes of Simple columnar epithelium

A

Non ciliated and ciliated

102
Q

Describe the appearance of Simple columnar epithelium

A

Rectangular
Often hexagonal but taller and more slender than cuboidal
Nuclei often elongated and near the base of the cell
Height of cell is several times the distance between adjacent nuclei

103
Q

True or false - Simple columnar epithelium can have cilia OR microvilli

A

True

104
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

A goblet cell is a modified columnar cell that secretes mucus at the apical surface to aid with lubrication

105
Q

Describe the features of Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer
Micorvilli on apical surface
Have goblet cells interspersed

106
Q

What does “non-motile” mean?

A

Not capable of movement

107
Q

Describe the function of microvilli in non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Non-motile cytoplasmic projections
Increase surface area of plasma membrane thus increasing rate of absorption

108
Q

Where are non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium found?

A

In places in need of secretion and absoprtion - eg linings of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts and most of the urinary tract.

109
Q

Describe the features of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layers
Have goblet cells as well

110
Q

Describe the appearance of microvilli

A

Finger-like appearance

111
Q

Describe the function of cilia within ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Cilia beat in unison, moving mucus and foreign particles towards throat where they can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out.

112
Q

What can speed up the movement of mucus or foreign particles into the throat to be ejected?

A

Sneezing or coughing

113
Q

How does ciliated simple columnar epithelium help within the ovaries

A

Cilia on the epithelium help move oocytes expelled from ovaries through uterine (fallopian) tubes into the uterus

114
Q

Where is Stratified Squamous epithelium mostly located

A

Located where mechanical or chemical stresses are severe (lining of mouth, esophagus, etc)

115
Q

What is a microbe?

A

A bacteria that can cause disease or fermentation

116
Q

Why are Stratified squamous epithelium sometimes packed with keratin?

A

In some places where mechanical stress and dehydration is a major issue, apical cells are packed with keratin which makes the surface tough and waterproof (skin)

117
Q

Describe the appearance of simple stratified epithelium

A

Cells form layers like plywood or pancakes in upper layers
Lower layers may be cuboidal or columnar
Cells furthest from nutrition are thinner and less active

118
Q

What are the 2 specialized subtypes of Stratified squamous epithelia

A

Keratinized and non-keratinized

119
Q

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelia found?

A

Skin

120
Q

Where is non-keratinized squamous epithelia found?

A

Mouth, throat, tongue, esophagus, anus, and vagina

121
Q

Why do places like the mouth, throat etc not contain keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinized version is only found on skin as it works to protect against abrasion and UV light and then sheds. You do not want dead skin shedding in your mouth.

122
Q

True or false - it is the appearance of the innermost cells in epithelium that determine their name.

A

False - it is the appearance of the outermost cells that determine whether it is squamous/cuboidal/columnar

123
Q

Describe the function of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinized protects against abrasion, water loss, UV light, and foreign invasion. As keratinized cells push towards surface, they become thinner and less active. They dry up and eventually peal of the apical layer as dead skin.

124
Q

True or false - only non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium protects against abrasion, water loss, UV light, and microbes.

A

False - both keratinized and Non-keratinized protect against these things. Both are the first line of defense against microbes.

125
Q

Describe the features of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

All cells reach the BM but not all reach the apical surface of the tissue
It is actually a simple epithelium (thus the pseudo=fake)

126
Q

Describe the appearance of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Nuclei at all different levels
Appears to have several layers but it is not actually the case

127
Q

Name the 2 specialized subtypes of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium
AND
Pseudostratified NON-CILIATED columnar epithelium

128
Q

Describe the features of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Cilia on some cells
Secrete mucus from goblet cells

129
Q

Describe the features of pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar epithelium

A

No cilia and no goblet cells

130
Q

Where are non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found and what is there function?

A

Lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and parts of the male urethra.
Their function is absorption and protection.

131
Q

Where are Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found and what is their function?

A

Most of the upper airways. Function: secretes mucus that traps foreign particles and cilia sweep away mucus for elimination from body

132
Q

True or false - stratified cuboidal epithelium is rare

A

True

133
Q

Describe the appearance of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Two or more layers of cells and are cube shaped in the apical layer

134
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands as well as the male urethra

135
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Protection; they also provide a limited amount of secretion and absorption

136
Q

Describe the appearance of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Basal layer usually consist of shortened, irregular shaped cells. Shaped like columns

137
Q

True or false - stratified columnar epithelium are common

A

False - they are uncommon and only found in the apical layer

138
Q

Where are stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Lines part of urethra, large excretory duct of some glands (esophageal gland), small areas in anal mucous membrane, part of conjunctiva in eye

139
Q

What is the function of Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Protection and secretion

140
Q

Describe the appearance of transitional epithelium

A

Varies: in relaxed or unstretched state it looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium except that the apical layers tend to be large and rounded.
As it is stretched, cells become flatter and look like stratified squamous epithelium.

141
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Lines the urinary bladder and portions or urethra and ureters.

142
Q

Why is transitional epithelium important within the bladder?

A

Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing.
Multiple layers make and elasticity make it ideal for hollow lining structure subject to expansion.

143
Q

Define glandular epithelia

A

They are glands that consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface or into blood.

144
Q

How are glandular epithelia classified?

A

They are classified according to where they secrete their substances

145
Q

True or false - the function of all glandular epithelia is secretion

A

True

146
Q

Describe the secretion pathway of the endocrine gland

A

Secretes directly into blood usually via traversing interstitial fluid

147
Q

Describe the secretion pathway of the exocrine gland

A

Secretes into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or lining epithelium

148
Q

Give example of an endocrine gland

A

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid - effect things over a distance

149
Q

Give an example of an exocrine gland

A

Sweat and salivary glands, oil glands, wax glands, pancreas - generally effects things locally

150
Q

How do endocrine glands excrete fluid?

A

Usually through diffusion directly into the bloodstream

151
Q

How do exocrine glands secrete fluid?

A

Directly onto the surface eg sweat gland and skin

152
Q

What is a single cell gland

A

They are Epithelia that have independent, scattered gland cells. Individual secretory cells are called mucous cells and they secrete mucin. The apical cytoplasm is filled with large secretory vesicles that look clear or foamy in a light micrograph.

153
Q

What is an example of a single cell exocrine gland?

A

Goblet cell

154
Q

Name the 8 different types of multicellular exocrine glands

A

Simple tubular
Simple branched tubular
Simple coiled tubular
Simple branched acinar (alveolar)
Compound tubular
Compound acinar (alveolar)
Compound Tubuloacinar

155
Q

What are the 3 characteristics used to describe structure of multicellular glands

A

Structure of duct
Structure of secretory duct
Relationship between the two

156
Q

When is an exocrine gland called “simple”?

A

A gland is simple if it has a single duct that does not divide on its way to the gland cells

157
Q

What is an example of a simple tubular gland?

A

Intestinal glands

158
Q

What is an example of simpled coiled tubular?

A

Merocrine sweat glands

159
Q

What is an example of a simple branched tubular?

A

Gastric glands
Mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum

160
Q

What is the difference between simple alveolar (acinar) and simple tubular?

A

Simple alveolar (acinar) form sack-like pockets at the ends

161
Q

What is an example of a simple branched alveolar?

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

162
Q

When is an exocrine gland “compound”?

A

A gland is compound if the duct divides one or more times on it’s way to the gland ells

163
Q

What is an example of a compound tubular gland?

A

Mucous glands in mouth

164
Q

What is an example of compound alveolar (acinar)

A

Mammary glands

BIOSCI 107 (5 decks)

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