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BIOSCI 107 > Structural Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Structural Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six levels of structural Organization of the human body?

A

1.) Chemical
2.) Cellular
3.) Tissue Level
4.) Organ Level
5.) System Level
6.) Organismal Level

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2
Q

Describe the function of the Chemical Level

A

The building blocks of the body. Atoms join to form molecules

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3
Q

Describe the Function of the Cellular level and give an example

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body (approx 200 types) eg Cardiac muscle

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4
Q

Describe function of the tissue level and give an example

A

Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function, eg cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Name the 4 major classes of tissues

A

1.) Epithelial
2.) Connective
3.) Muscle
4.) Nerve

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6
Q

Describe organs and their function and give an example

A

Organs are structures with specific functions composed of 2 or more types of tissue. eg heart

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7
Q

Describe a system and give an example

A

A system consists of related organs with a common function for example the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Describe the Organismal structural level, and give an example

A

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism eg. The individual

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9
Q

Name the 11 systems composed of related organs with a common function

A

1.) Integumentary
2.) Muscular
3.) Skeletal
4.) Nervous
5.) Endocrine
6.) Lymphatic (and immune)
7.) Cardiovascular
8.) Respiratory
9.) Digestive
10.) Urinary
11.) Reproductive

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10
Q

True or False: All organs only belong to a single system

A

False - the pancreas, for example, belongs to the digestive AND endocrine system

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11
Q

Name all organ structures within the Integumentary System

A

Cutaneous Membrane (Skin)
——-epidermis and dermis
Hair Follicles
——-Hair
Sabacious Glands
Sweat Glands
Nails
Sensory Receptors
Hypodermis

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12
Q

What is the primary function of the epidermis?

A

Protects: covers the surface
Protects: Deeper Tissues
Vitamin D production:

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13
Q

What is the primary function of the dermis?

A

Feeds epidermis: strength: glands

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14
Q

What is the primary function of hair follicles?

A

Sensation from stimulation (innervation)
Protection

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15
Q

What is the function of sebacious glands?

A

Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis - removes waste

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16
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands?

A

Thermoregulation: evaporative cooling (sweat)

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17
Q

What is considered a modified sweat gland?

A

Breast tissue/mammries

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18
Q

What are the function of nails?

A

To stiffen and protect digits

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19
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors

A

Detect sensations: touch; pressure; temperature; pain

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20
Q

What in the primary function of the hypodermis?

A

Stores fat and attaches skin to deep layers

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21
Q

What is the organ structure of the Muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles
Axial muscles
Appendicular muscles
Tendons and Aponeuroses

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22
Q

What is the primary function of the skeletal muscles?

A

Provide skeletal movements
Control entrances and exits to digestive and respiratory system and urinary system Produce heat through shivering
Support the skeleton
Protect soft tissues

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the axial muscles?

A

Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the appendicular muscles?

A

Support and move and brace limbs

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25
Q

What is the primary function of tendons and apperneuroses?

A

Translates contractile forces into tasks
Tendons attach muscle to bones

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26
Q

What is the primary function of aponeuroses?

A

Most often muscle to muscle connection

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27
Q

What is the primary function of tendons?

A

Translates contractile forces into tasks
Tendons attach muscle to bones

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28
Q

Describe the appearance of aponeuroses

A

Fibrous material - sheet like appearance

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29
Q

What is the organ structure of the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Cartilage
Joints
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Bone
Bone marrow (red and yellow)

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30
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells

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31
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

Skull
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sternum
Supporting cartilages
Ligaments

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32
Q

What is are the 2 primary functions of the axial skeleton?

A

1.) Protecting the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax
2.) Supporting body weight over lower limbs

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33
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A

Limbs
Supporting Bones
Ligaments

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34
Q

What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs
Supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

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35
Q

What is the primary function of bones?

A

Stores minerals

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36
Q

What are the different types of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

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37
Q

What are the different types of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

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38
Q

What are the different types of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

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39
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

Flat bones such as the pelvis, sternum, or cell.

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40
Q

What bones are red blood cells manufactured in?

A

Pelvis
Sternum
Skulls
Ribs

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41
Q

What is the main function of yellow bone marrow?

A

Fat storage

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42
Q

What kind of bone is yellow bone marrow found in?

A

Long bones

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43
Q

True or False - Red bone marrow can change into yellow

A

False - yellow bone marrow can change into red, however.

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44
Q

What type of bone marrow do we gain with aging?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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45
Q

What type of marrow do we lose with age?

A

Red bone marrow

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46
Q

What is histology?

A

The branch of anatomy that studies microscopic tissues

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47
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

A

Directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.

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48
Q

What is the organ structure of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal Cord
Special senses
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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49
Q

Describe the function of the CNS

A

Control center
Short term control over other systems

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50
Q

Describe the primary functions of the brain

A

Does complex integrative (stimulus) activities
Controls voluntary and involuntary movement

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51
Q

True or False - The optic nerve is a part of the PNS

A

FALSE - it is the only special sense that is apart of the CNS

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52
Q

True or False - The optic nerve is a part of the PNS

A

FALSE - it is the only special sense that is purely part of the CNS - all other senses can be part of both

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53
Q

Describe the primary functions of the PNS

A

Links CNS with other system and sense organs

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54
Q

What is the organ structure of the endocrine system?

A

Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Kidneys
Pancreas
Gonads

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55
Q

What does the pineal gland control?

A

Day and night rhythms

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56
Q

What is the primary functions of the hypothalamus/pitutary gland?

A

Control many other endocrine glands
Regulates growth
Fluid balance

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57
Q

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

A

Controlling metabolic rate and calcium levels

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58
Q

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

A

Directs long term changes in other organ systems

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59
Q

What is the primary function of the parathyroid gland?

A

release hormone for controlling calcium levels

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60
Q

What is the primary function of the thymus?

A

Maturation of lymphocytes

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61
Q

What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?

A

Water and mineral balance (eg aldosterone)
Tissue metabolism (cortisol)
Cardio and respiratory function (adrenaline)

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62
Q

Where do adrenal glands sit?

A

On top of the kidneys

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63
Q

What do adrenal glands look like?

A

They look like yellow pyramids

64
Q

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

A

Red blood cell production
Keeps blood pressure up
Calcium levels

65
Q

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

A

Glucose control

66
Q

What does your pancreas release to control glucose?

A

Insulin

67
Q

What is the primary function of the gonads

A

These are the sexual characteristics and are responsible for reproduction

68
Q

What is the primary function of the gonads

A

These are the sexual characteristics and are responsible for reproduction

69
Q

Name the anterior pituitary hormones

A

Gonadotropins (Males and females)
Prolactin
TSH
Growth hormone
ACTH

70
Q

Name the posterior pituitary hormones.

A

ADH
Oxytocin

71
Q

What causes giganstism?

A

Too much growth hormone from childhood

72
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Too much growth hormone as an adult - can lead to cancers forming, as well as a thickening of appearance.

73
Q

True or false - tumors caused by acromegaly (too much GH as an adult) are easily removed?

A

True

74
Q

What is IGF?

A

Insulin-like growth hormone

75
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Defends against infection and disease and returns tissues fluid to the bloodstream.

76
Q

Describe the organ structure of the lymphatic system.

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic fluid
B and T cells
Spleen
Thymus

77
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic vessels?

A

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the CV system

78
Q

How are lymphatic vessels linked and what happens when bacteria is detected?

A

Linked by lymph nodes - when bacteria is detected within the system, the swell up/enlarge in order to fight it.

79
Q

What is lymphatic fluid made up of?

A

Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut

80
Q

What is the primary function of the B and T cells

A

They are cells that carry out immune responses.

81
Q

True or false - lymph nodes don’t include the tonsils

A

False

82
Q

What is the primary function of the lymph nodes (including the tonsils)

A

Monitor composition of lymph
Defend against and engulf pathogens
Stimulate immune response (eg lymphadenopathy)

83
Q

What is the primary function of the spleen?

A

Monitors circulation of the blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Stimulates immune response
Like a large lymph node

84
Q

What is the primary function of the thymus

A

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

85
Q

True of false - When lymphatic system isn’t working, swelling occurs

A

True - this is because lymphatic fluid can’t clear out, it swells up (edema) and affects blood supply to the area

86
Q

True or False - the lymphatic system collects interstitial fluid from blood plasma and doesn’t return it

A

False - lymph is collected via the lymphatic system and later returned via the lymphatic ducts

87
Q

How is interstitial fluid made?

A

Blood plasma if filtered from blood capillaries into interstitial spaces to become interstitial fluid

88
Q

How do lymph nodes defend against pathogens?

A

Pathogens are removed from the blood system and into the lymphatic, lymph nodes then filter lymph fluid and remove foreign substances through filtering, phagocytosis, and immune reactions

89
Q

What does the valve in the lymphatic system do?

A

Ensures one-way flow of lymph

90
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

They absorb interstitial fluid and pass lymph to afferent vessels

91
Q

What do afferent lymphatic vessels do?

A

Carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to lymph nodes

92
Q

What do efferent lymphatic vessels do?

A

Carry lymph from lymph nodes

93
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Pass lymph to lymphatic ducts

94
Q

What do lymphatic ducts do?

A

Empty lymph into the junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system

95
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found?

A

All throughout the body

96
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries NOT found?

A

Avascular tissues, the CNS, portions of the spleen, and bone marrow

97
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

98
Q

What is the organ structure of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart
Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
Blood

99
Q

What is the primary function of the heart

A

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure

100
Q

What type of blood vessels are there?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

101
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Conduit of blood from the heart to the capillaries

102
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries?

A

Acts as a conduit for diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

103
Q

What is the function for veins?

A

Returns blood from capillaries to heart

104
Q

What is the primary function of blood?

A

Transports oxygen and CO2
Transports nutrients and hormones
Removes waste
Temp regulation
Defends against illness (immune cells)
Helps with Acid/base balance

105
Q

What is the primary function of the Respiratory system?

A

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood - also produces sound from throat

106
Q

What is the organ structure of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

107
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses?

A

Filter warm humidified air and detect smells

108
Q

What is the primary function of the pharynx?

A

Conducts air to larynx

109
Q

What is the primary function of the larynx

A

Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalization

110
Q

What is the primary function of the trachea?

A

Conducts air and keeps cartilage open

111
Q

What is the primary function of the Bronchi?

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

112
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs

A

Air movement
Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli
Acid/base control

113
Q

What is the primary function of the Digestive system?

A

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

114
Q

What is the organ structure of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
Anus

115
Q

What is the primary function of the oral cavity?

A

Breaks up food working with the teeth and tongue

116
Q

What is the primary function of the salivary glands?

A

Buffers and acts as a lubricant
Has enzymes that begin digestion

117
Q

What is the primary function of the pharynx?

A

Carries solid and liquid foods to the esophagus

118
Q

True or False - the pharynx is only present in one system

A

False - it is shared with the respiratory system

119
Q

What is the primary function of the Esophagus

A

Delivers food to the stomach

120
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach

A

Secretes digestive acids, enzymes, and hormones

121
Q

What is the primary function of the small intestine

A

Has digestive enzymes
Buffers hormones
Absorbs nutrients

122
Q

What is the primary function of the liver?

A

Secretes bile
Regulates nutrients in blood

123
Q

What is bile used for?

A

Acts as a detergent - cleans the liver

124
Q

What is the primary function of the gallblader?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

125
Q

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive enzymes to break down carbs and fats
Controls pH in intestines - buffers - equilibrium
Endocrine cells (shared with endocrine system)

126
Q

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A

Water removal and waste storage

127
Q

What is the primary function of the anus

A

Waste removal

128
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive system

A

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

129
Q

What is paracellus?

A

It is controlled contractions of the small and large intestines that propel and break up food - does this in a mixing and propelling motion

130
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes

131
Q

What is the organ structure of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

132
Q

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

A

Form and concentrate urine
Regulate pH and ions
Blood volume and blood pressure
Works with the endocrine system to assist with the prodution of blood cells and mineral balance

133
Q

What is EPO?

A

Erythropoietin

134
Q

What kind of hormone is Erythropoietin?

A

A glycoprotein hormone

135
Q

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

A

Produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney

136
Q

What does EPO (Erythropoietin) do?

A

Causes and increased activity in hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) which them causes more red blood cell production which allows blood to have a greater capacity for carrying oxygen.

137
Q

What is the organ structure of the male reproductive system

A

Testes
Acessory organs
External genitalia

138
Q

What is included in accessory organs with the male repoductive system

A

Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate gland
Urethra

139
Q

What is considered external genitalia in the male reproductive system?

A

Penis and scrotum

140
Q

What is the primary function of the testes?

A

Produces sperms and hormones (is also included in the endocrine system)

141
Q

What is the primary function of the Epididymus?

A

Sperm maturation

142
Q

What is the primary function of the Ductus deferens?

A

Sperm from epididymus

143
Q

What does the Seminal gland produce?

A

Seminal fluid

144
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

Seminal fluid

145
Q

What is the primary function of the Urethra?

A

Takes sperm to the exterior

146
Q

What is the primary function of the penis

A

Reproduction

147
Q

What is the primary function of the Scrotum

A

Thermal control of the testes

148
Q

What are the organ structures found within the Female Reproductive system?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina and external genitalia
Mammary glands

149
Q

True or false - Ovaries are also a part of the endocrine system?

A

True

150
Q

Ovaries contain…?

A

Oocytes and hormones

151
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

A female germ cell in the process of development

152
Q

What is the primary function of the uterine tubes?

A

Deliver oocyte
Is the location where fertilization occurs

153
Q

What is the primary function of the uterus

A

This is where an embryo develops

154
Q

What is the primary function of the vagina and external genitalia?

A

Lubrication
Sperm reception
Birth canal

155
Q

What is the primary function of the mammary glands?

A

Nutrition for new borns

156
Q

True or false - mammary glands are ONLY a part of the female reproductive system

A

False - also a part of the integumentary system as a modified sweat gland

BIOSCI 107 (5 decks)

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